5701da6e5b
* format: fix markdown * update: fix markdown * update: fix cron problems * update: delete .markdownlintignore * update * chore: add tab -> 4 space * chore: fix tab -> 2 in the .editorconfig
506 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
506 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
Chmod 备忘清单
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===
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这份快速参考备忘单提供了文件权限的简要概述，以及 chmod 命令的操作
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入门
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--------
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### 语法
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```shell
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$ chmod [options] <permissions> <file>
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```
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#### 示例
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```shell
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$ chmod 755 foo.txt
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$ chmod +x quickref.py
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$ chmod u-x quickref.py
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$ chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o= quickref.sh
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```
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#### 递归更改文件和目录
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```shell
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$ chmod -R 755 my_directory
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```
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`chmod` 命令代表“更改模式”
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### Chmod 生成器
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```html preview
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<div>
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权限：<input type="text" id="num" placeholder="777" maxlength="3" style="padding: 0.3rem 0.3rem;" /> <input type="text" id="let" placeholder="rwxrwxrwx" maxlength="9" style="padding: 0.3rem 0.3rem;" />
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</div>
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```
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---
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| User | Group | Other
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:- | :- | :- | :-
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读 _(Read)_ | <input checked id="1" type="checkbox"></input> | <input checked id="4" type="checkbox"></input> | <input checked id="7" type="checkbox"></input>
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写 _(Write)_ | <input checked id="2" type="checkbox"></input> | <input checked id="5" type="checkbox"></input> | <input checked id="8" type="checkbox"></input>
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执行 _(Execute)_ | <input checked id="3" type="checkbox"></input> | <input checked id="6" type="checkbox"></input> | <input checked id="9" type="checkbox"></input>
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
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Chmod 生成器允许您以数字和符号的形式快速、直观地生成权限。
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### 通用权限
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命令 | s | 含义
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:-|:-|:-
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`400` | r-------- | 仅所有者可读
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`500` | r-x------ | 避免改变
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`600` | rw------- | 可由用户更改
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`644` | rw-r--r-- | 由用户读取和更改
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`660` | rw-rw---- | 可由用户和组更改
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`700` | rwx------ | 只有用户具有完全访问权限
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`755` | rwxr-xr-x | 只能由用户更改
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`775` | rwxrwxr-x | 群组共享模式
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`777` | rwxrwxrwx | 每个人都可以做任何事
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### 解释
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```shell
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$ ls -l
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3 Jun 29 15:35 a.log
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2 Jun 30 18:06 dir
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```
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#### `dir` 的权限分析
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```text
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d rwx r-x r-x
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┬ ─┬─ ─┬─ ─┬─
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┆ ┆ ┆ ┆
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┆ ┆ ┆ ╰─ 4. Other｜5 (4+0+1)
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┆ ┆ ╰────── 3. Group｜5 (4+0+1)
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┆ ╰─────────── 2. User ｜7 (4+2+1)
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╰─────────────── 1. File Type | directory
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```
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### 权限模式
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
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| 权限 | 描述 | 八进制 | 十进制 |
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|------------|-------------------------|-------|-----------|
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`---` | 没有权限 | 000 | 0 (0+0+0)
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`--x` | 执行 | 001 | 1 (0+0+1)
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`-w-` | 写 | 010 | 2 (0+2+0)
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`-wx` | 执行和写入 | 011 | 3 (0+2+1)
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`r--` | 读 | 100 | 4 (4+0+0)
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`r-x` | 读取和执行 | 101 | 5 (4+0+1)
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`rw-` | 读和写 | 110 | 6 (4+2+0)
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`rwx` | 读取、写入和执行 | 111 | 7 (4+2+1)
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
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### Objects
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| 谁（缩写） | 含义 |
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|-------------|--------------------|
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| `u` | 用户 |
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| `g` | 组 |
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| `o` | 其它 |
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| `a` | 全部，和 ugo 一样 |
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
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### 权限
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| 缩写 | 权限 | 值 |
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|--------------|---------------|-------|
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| `r` | 读 | 4 |
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| `w` | 写 | 2 |
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| `x` | 执行 | 1 |
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| `-` | 没有权限 | 0 |
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
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### 文件类型
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| 缩写 | 文件类型 |
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|--------------|----------|
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| `d` | 目录 |
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| `-` | 常规文件 |
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| `l` | 符号链接 |
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
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Chmod 示例
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--------
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### 操作符
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| Symbol | Description |
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|--------|-------------|
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| `+` | 添加 |
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| `-` | 删除 |
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| `=` | 设置 |
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### chmod 600
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```shell
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$ chmod 600 example.txt
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$ chmod u=rw,g=,o= example.txt
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$ chmod a+rwx,u-x,g-rwx,o-rwx example.txt
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```
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### chmod 664
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```shell
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$ chmod 664 example.txt
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$ chmod u=rw,g=rw,o=r example.txt
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$ chmod a+rwx,u-x,g-x,o-wx example.txt
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```
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### chmod 777
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```shell
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$ chmod 777 example.txt
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$ chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx example.txt
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$ chmod a=rwx example.txt
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```
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### 符号模式
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
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拒绝所有人的执行权限。
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```shell
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$ chmod a-x chmodExampleFile.txt
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```
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向所有人授予读取权限。
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```shell
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$ chmod a+r chmodExampleFile.txt
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```
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使文件可由组和其他人读写。
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```shell
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$ chmod go+rw chmodExampleFile.txt
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```
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使用户/所有者可执行 shell。
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```shell
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$ chmod u+x chmodExampleScript.sh
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```
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允许每个人读取、写入和执行文件并打开设置的 group-ID。
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```shell
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$ chmod =rwx,g+s chmodExampleScript.sh
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```
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### 删除权限
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
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要删除赋予文件的读写权限，请使用以下语法：
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```shell
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$ chmod o-rw example.txt
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```
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对于我们的文件 example.txt，我们可以通过运行以下命令使用 chmod for group 删除读写权限：
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```shell
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$ chmod g-rx example.txt
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```
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要从组中删除 chmod 读写权限，同时向 public/others 添加读写权限，我们可以使用以下命令：
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```shell
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$ chmod g-rx, o+rx example.txt
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```
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但是，如果你想删除组和其他人的所有权限，你可以使用 go= 来代替：
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```shell
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$ chmod go= example.txt
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```
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### 可执行文件
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```shell
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$ chmod +x ~/example.py
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$ chmod u+x ~/example.py
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$ chmod a+x ~/example.py
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```
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### chmod 754
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```shell
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$ chmod 754 foo.sh
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$ chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r foo.sh
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```
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Chmod 实践
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---------------
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### SSH 权限
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```shell
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$ chmod 700 ~/.ssh
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$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
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$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa
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$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
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$ chmod 400 /path/to/access_key.pem
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```
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### 网络权限
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```shell
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$ chmod -R 644 /var/www/html/
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$ chmod 644 .htaccess
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$ chmod 644 robots.txt
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$ chmod 755 /var/www/uploads/
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$ find /var/www/html -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
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```
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### 批量更改
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```shell
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$ chmod -R 644 /your_path
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$ find /path -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
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$ find /path -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
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```
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请参阅：[命令替换](https://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/commandsub.html)
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另见
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----
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* [使用 chmod 修改文件权限](https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/modify-file-permissions-with-chmod/) _(linode.com)_
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<!--rehype:ignore:start-->
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以下是 Chmod 生成器 JS 代码（代码用于网站请忽略不要删除）
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---
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<!--rehype:ignore:end-->
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```html preview
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<!-- Chmod 生成器 JS 代码 -->
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<script type="text/javascript">
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const reg_num = /^[0-7]{3}$/; // 一些正则表达式来检查 num 输入
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const reg_let = /^([r\-]{1}[w\-]{1}[x\-]{1}){3}$/; // 一些正则表达式来检查文本输入
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function checkBoxHandle() {
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change_occured(true, false, false);
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// get rid of bad input classes
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document.getElementById('num').classList.remove('bad-input');
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document.getElementById('let').classList.remove('bad-input');
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}
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window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () {
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// loop over all the check boxes
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for (let i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
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let checkBox = document.getElementById(`${i}`);
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checkBox.addEventListener('change', function () {
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change_occured(true, false, false);
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// get rid of bad input classes
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document.getElementById('num').classList.remove('bad-input');
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document.getElementById('let').classList.remove('bad-input');
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});
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}
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// the octal input
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let num_input = document.getElementById('num');
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let num_fn = function () {
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// check for bad input
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if (!reg_num.test(this.value)) {
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this.classList.add('bad-input');
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} else {
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this.classList.remove('bad-input');
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change_occured(false, true, false);
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}
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};
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num_input.addEventListener('change', num_fn);
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num_input.addEventListener('keyup', num_fn);
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// the let input
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let let_input = document.getElementById('let');
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let let_fn = function () {
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// check for bad input
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if (!reg_let.test(this.value)) {
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this.classList.add('bad-input');
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} else {
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this.classList.remove('bad-input');
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change_occured(false, false, true);
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}
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};
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let_input.addEventListener('change',let_fn);
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let_input.addEventListener('keyup',let_fn);
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});
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/* SETUP
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r-4-1 r-4-4 r-4-7
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w-2-2 w-2-5 w-2-8
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x-1-3 x-1-6 x-1-9
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*/
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// define a function that runs when a change occures
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function change_occured(caller_was_check, caller_was_num, caller_was_let) {
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let num1 = 0, num2 = 0, num3 = 0; // these are the three numbers for the octal
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let perm_string = ''; // holds the permision string ex. rw-x--r--
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if (caller_was_check) {
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// loop over all the check boxes and get the permisions
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for (let i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
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let checkBox = document.getElementById(`${i}`);
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if (checkBox.checked) { // if checked
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let current_perm = check_to_octal_and_text(i);
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perm_string += `${current_perm.perm_let}`;
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if (i <= 3) {
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num1 += current_perm.perm_num;
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} else if (i <= 6) {
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num2 += current_perm.perm_num;
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} else {
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num3 += current_perm.perm_num;
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}
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} else { // if not checked
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perm_string += '-';
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}
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}
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// set the permision input text
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document.getElementById('let').value = perm_string;
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document.getElementById('num').value = `${num1}${num2}${num3}`;
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} else if (caller_was_num) {
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// get the individual numbers
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let num_input_val = document.getElementById('num').value;
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num1 = num_input_val.substring(0, 1);
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num2 = num_input_val.substring(1, 2);
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num3 = num_input_val.substring(2, 3);
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// set the checkboxes and get the perm string
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perm_string += octal_to_check_and_txt(num1, 0); //Owner
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perm_string += octal_to_check_and_txt(num2, 1); //Owner
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perm_string += octal_to_check_and_txt(num3, 2); //Owner
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// set the permision input text
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document.getElementById('let').value = perm_string;
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} else if (caller_was_let) {
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// get the text input
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let perm_text = document.getElementById('let').value;
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num1 = text_to_check_and_octal(perm_text.substring(0, 3), 0)
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num2 = text_to_check_and_octal(perm_text.substring(3, 6), 3)
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num3 = text_to_check_and_octal(perm_text.substring(6, 9), 6)
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// set the octal value
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document.getElementById('num').value = `${num1}${num2}${num3}`;
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}
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}
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// define a function to converts the checkbox # to the respective permissions
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// returns perm_num, perm_let
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function check_to_octal_and_text(check_num) {
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let perm_num = 0;
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let perm_let = '-';
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switch (check_num) {
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case 1:
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case 4:
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case 7:
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perm_num = 4;
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perm_let = 'r';
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break;
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case 2:
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case 5:
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case 8:
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perm_num = 2;
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perm_let = 'w';
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break;
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case 3:
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case 6:
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case 9:
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perm_num = 1;
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perm_let = 'x';
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break;
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default:
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perm_num = 0;
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perm_let = '-';
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}
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// return values
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return {
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perm_num,
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perm_let
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};
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}
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/**
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Takes a number 1-7 and which class it is in:
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0 = owner
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1 = Group
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2 = Public
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Returns: perm text (ex. "rwx") and sets the appropriate checkboxes
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*/
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function octal_to_check_and_txt(octal_num, class_num) {
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let perm_text = '';
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let offset = class_num * 3;
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switch (octal_num) {
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case '1':
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = true;
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perm_text = '--x';
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break;
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case '2':
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = false;
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perm_text = '-w-';
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break;
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case '3':
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = true;
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perm_text = '-wx';
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break;
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case '4':
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = false;
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perm_text = 'r--';
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break;
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case '5':
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = true;
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perm_text = 'r-x';
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break;
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case '6':
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = false;
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perm_text = 'rw-';
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break;
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case '7':
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = true;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = true;
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perm_text = 'rwx';
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break;
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default:
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document.getElementById(`${1 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${2 + offset}`).checked = false;
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document.getElementById(`${3 + offset}`).checked = false;
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perm_text = '---';
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}
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return perm_text;
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}
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/**
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Takes 3 letters (r, w, x, - ex. 'rw-') and an offset (0,3,6)
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Returns the octal num and sets the appropriate checkboxes
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*/
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function text_to_check_and_octal(letters, offset) {
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let perm_num = 0; // the octal number to return
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// add up the oct num and set the check boxes
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for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
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current_let = letters.substring(i, i + 1);
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if (current_let == 'r') {
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document.getElementById(`${i + 1 + offset}`).checked = true;
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||
perm_num += 4;
|
||
} else if (current_let == 'w') {
|
||
document.getElementById(`${i + 1 + offset}`).checked = true;
|
||
perm_num += 2;
|
||
} else if (current_let == 'x') {
|
||
document.getElementById(`${i + 1 + offset}`).checked = true;
|
||
perm_num += 1;
|
||
} else {
|
||
document.getElementById(`${i + 1 + offset}`).checked = false;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return perm_num;
|
||
}
|
||
</script>
|
||
```
|