719 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
719 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
Kotlin 备忘清单
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===
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Kotlin 备忘清单是 [Kotlin](https://kotlinlang.org) 编程语言的单页参考表
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Kotlin 简介
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----
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### main() 函数
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```kotlin
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fun main() {
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// Code goes here
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}
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```
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main() 函数是每个 Kotlin 程序的起点，在执行之前必须包含在代码中
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### 打印声明
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```kotlin
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println("Greetings, earthling!")
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print("Take me to ")
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print("your leader.")
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/*
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打印:
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Greetings, earthling!
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Take me to your leader.
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*/
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```
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### 注释
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```kotlin
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// 这是单行注释
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/*
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这个
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注释
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用于
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多
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行
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*/
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```
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### 执行顺序
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```kotlin
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fun main() {
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println("I will be printed first.")
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println("I will be printed second.")
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println("I will be printed third.")
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}
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```
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数据类型和变量
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---
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### 可变变量
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```kotlin
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var age = 25
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age = 26
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```
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### 不可变变量
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```kotlin
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val goldenRatio = 1.618
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```
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### 类型推断
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```kotlin
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// 以下变量在双引号内分配了一个文本值
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// 因此推断的类型是 String
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var color = "Purple"
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```
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### 字符串连接
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```kotlin
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var streetAddress = "123 Main St."
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var cityState = "Brooklyn, NY"
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println(streetAddress + " " + cityState)
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// 打印: 123 Main St. Brooklyn, NY
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```
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### 字符串模板
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```kotlin
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var address = "123 Main St."
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println("The address is $address")
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// 打印: The address is 123 Main St.
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```
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### 内置属性和函数
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```kotlin
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var monument = "the Statue of Liberty"
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println(monument.capitalize())
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// 打印: The Statue of Liberty
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println(monument.length)
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// 打印: 21
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```
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### 字符转义序列
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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```kotlin
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print("\"Excellent!\" I cried. \"Elementary,\" said he.")
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// 打印: "Excellent!" I cried. "Elementary," said he.
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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- `\n` 插入新行
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- `\t` 插入标签
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- `\r` 插入回车
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- `\'` 插入单引号
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- `\"` 插入双引号
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- `\\` 插入反斜杠
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- `\$` 插入美元符号
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### 算术运算符
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```kotlin
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5 + 7 // 12
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9 - 2 // 7
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8 * 4 // 32
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25 / 5 // 5
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31 % 2 // 1
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```
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`+` 加法、`-` 减法、`*` 乘法、`/` 除法和 `%` 模数
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### 操作顺序
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```kotlin
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5 + 8 * 2 / 4 - 3 // 6
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3 + (4 + 4) / 2 // 7
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4 * 2 + 1 * 7 // 15
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3 + 18 / 2 * 1 // 12
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6 - 3 % 2 + 2 // 7
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```
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### 增强赋值运算符
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```kotlin
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var batteryPercentage = 80
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// 长语法
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batteryPercentage = batteryPercantage + 10
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// 带有增广赋值运算符的短句法
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batteryPercentage += 10
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```
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### 递增和递减运算符
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```kotlin
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var year = 2019
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year++ // 2020
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year-- // 2019
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```
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### 数学库
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```kotlin
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Math.pow(2.0, 3.0) // 8.0
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Math.min(6, 9) // 6
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Math.max(10, 12) // 12
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Math.round(13.7) // 14
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```
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条件表达式
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----
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### if 表达式
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```kotlin
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var morning = true
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if (morning) {
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println("Rise and shine!")
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}
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// 打印: Rise and shine!
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```
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### else 表达式
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```kotlin
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var rained = false
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if (rained) {
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println("今天不需要给植物浇水。")
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} else {
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println("植物需要浇水！")
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}
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// 打印: 植物需要浇水！
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```
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### Else-If 表达式
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```kotlin
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var age = 65
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if (age < 18 ) {
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println("您被视为未成年人")
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} else if (age < 60) {
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println("您被视为成年人")
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} else {
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println("你被认为是高级")
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}
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// 打印: 你被认为是高级
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```
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### 比较运算符
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```kotlin
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var myAge = 19
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var sisterAge = 11
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var cousinAge = 11
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myAge > sisterAge // true
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myAge < cousinAge // false
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myAge >= cousinAge // true
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myAge <= sisterAge // false
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```
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### 逻辑运算符
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```kotlin
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var humid = true
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var raining = true
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var jacket = false
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println(!humid)
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// 打印: false
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println(jacket && raining)
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// 打印: true
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println(humid || raining)
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// 打印: true
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```
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### AND 运算符： &&
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```kotlin
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var humid = true
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var raining = true
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var shorts = false
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var sunny = false
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// true AND true
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println(humid && raining) // true
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// true AND false
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println(humid && shorts) // false
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// false AND true
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println(sunny && raining) // false
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// false AND false
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println(shorts && sunny) // false
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```
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### 或运算符：||
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```kotlin
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var late = true
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var skipBreakfast = true
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var underslept = false
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var checkEmails = false
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// true OR true
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println(skipBreakfast || late) // true
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// true OR false
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println(late || checkEmails) // true
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// false OR true
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println(underslept || late) // true
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// false OR false
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println(checkEmails || underslept) // false
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```
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### NOT 运算符
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```kotlin
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var hungry = true
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var full = false
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println(!hungry) // false
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println(!full) // true
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```
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### 评估顺序
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```kotlin
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!true && (false || true) // false
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/*
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(false || true) 被评估首先返回 true。
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然后，评估 !true && true 并返回最终结果 false
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*/
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!false && true || false // true
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/*
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!false 被评估首先返回 true。
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然后评估 true && true，返回 true。
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那么，真|| 评估 false 最终返回 true
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*/
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```
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### 嵌套条件
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```kotlin
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var studied = true
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var wellRested = true
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if (wellRested) {
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println("祝你今天好运！")
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if (studied) {
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println("你应该为考试做好准备！")
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} else {
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println("考试前花几个小时学习！")
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}
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}
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// 打印: 祝你今天好运！
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// 打印: 你应该为考试做好准备！
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```
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### 当表达式
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```kotlin
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var grade = "A"
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when(grade) {
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"A" -> println("很棒的工作！")
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"B" -> println("做得太好了！")
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"C" -> println("你通过了！")
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else -> println("关！下次一定要多准备！")
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}
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// 打印: 很棒的工作！
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```
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### 范围运算符
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```kotlin
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var height = 46 // inches
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if (height in 1..53) {
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println("抱歉，您必须至少 54 英寸才能乘坐过山车"）
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}
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// Prints: 抱歉，您必须至少 54 英寸才能乘坐过山车
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 等式运算符
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```kotlin
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var myAge = 22
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var sisterAge = 21
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myAge == sisterAge // false
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myAge !== sisterAge // true
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```
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Collections
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---
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### 不可变列表
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```kotlin
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var programmingLanguages = listOf("C#", "Java", "Kotlin", "Ruby")
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 可变列表
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```kotlin
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var fruits = mutableListOf("Orange", "Apple", "Banana", "Mango")
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 访问列表元素
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```kotlin
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var cars = listOf("BMW", "Ferrari", "Volvo", "Tesla")
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println(cars[2]) // Prints: Volvo
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 大小属性
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```kotlin
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var worldContinents = listOf("Asia", "Africa", "North America", "South America", "Antarctica", "Europe", "Australia")
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println(worldContinents.size) // Prints: 7
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 列表操作
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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```kotlin
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var seas = listOf("Black Sea", "Caribbean Sea", "North Sea")
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println(seas.contains("North Sea")) // Prints: true
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// contains() 函数对任何列表执行读取操作并确定元素是否存在
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seas.add("Baltic Sea") // 错误：无法对不可变列表执行写操作
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// add() 函数只能在可变列表上调用，因此上面的代码会引发错误
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 不可变集
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```kotlin
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var primaryColors = setOf("Red", "Blue", "Yellow")
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 可变集
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```kotlin
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var womenInTech = mutableSetOf("Ada Lovelace", "Grace Hopper", "Radia Perlman", "Sister Mary Kenneth Keller")
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 访问集合元素
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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```kotlin
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var companies = setOf("Facebook", "Apple", "Netflix", "Google")
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println(companies.elementAt(3))
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// Prints: Google
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println(companies.elementAt(4))
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// Returns and Error
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println(companies.elementAtOrNull(4))
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// Prints: null
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 不可变映射
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```kotlin
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var averageTemp = mapOf("winter" to 35, "spring" to 60, "summer" to 85, "fall" to 55)
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 可变映射
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```kotlin
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var europeanDomains = mutableMapOf("Germany" to "de", "Slovakia" to "sk", "Hungary" to "hu", "Norway" to "no")
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 检索映射键和值
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```kotlin
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var oscarWinners = mutableMapOf("Parasite" to "Bong Joon-ho", "Green Book" to "Jim Burke", "The Shape Of Water" to "Guillermo del Toro")
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println(oscarWinners.keys)
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// Prints: [Parasite, Green Book, The Shape Of Water]
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println(oscarWinners.values)
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// Prints: [Bong Joon-ho, Jim Burke, Guillermo del Toro]
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println(oscarWinners["Parasite"])
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// Prints: Bong Joon-ho
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 添加和删除地图条目
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```kotlin
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var worldCapitals = mutableMapOf("United States" to "Washington D.C.", "Germany" to "Berlin", "Mexico" to "Mexico City", "France" to "Paris")
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worldCapitals.put("Brazil", "Brasilia")
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println(worldCapitals)
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// Prints: {United States=Washington D.C., Germany=Berlin, Mexico=Mexico City, France=Paris, Brazil=Brasilia}
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worldCapitals.remove("Germany")
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println(worldCapitals)
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// Prints: {United States=Washington D.C., Mexico=Mexico City, France=Paris, Brazil=Brasilia}
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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函数
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---
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### 函数
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```kotlin
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fun greet() {
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println("Hey there!")
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}
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fun main() {
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// Function call
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greet() // Prints: Hey there!
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}
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```
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### 函数参数
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```kotlin
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fun birthday(name: String, age: Int) {
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println("Happy birthday $name! You turn $age today!")
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}
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fun main() {
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birthday("Oscar", 26)
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// Prints: Happy birthday Oscar! You turn 25 today!
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birthday("Amarah", 30)
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// Prints: Happy birthday Amarah! You turn 30 today!
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}
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 默认参数
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```kotlin
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fun favoriteLanguage(name, language = "Kotlin") {
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println("Hello, $name. Your favorite programming language is $language")
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}
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fun main() {
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favoriteLanguage("Manon")
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// Prints: Hello, Manon. Your favorite programming language is Kotlin
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favoriteLanguage("Lee", "Java")
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// Prints: Hello, Lee. Your favorite programming language is Java
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}
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 命名参数
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```kotlin
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fun findMyAge(currentYear: Int, birthYear: Int) {
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var myAge = currentYear - birthYear
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println("I am $myAge years old.")
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}
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fun main() {
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findMyAge(currentYear = 2020, birthYear = 1995)
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// Prints: I am 25 years old.
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findMyAge(birthYear = 1920, currentYear = 2020)
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// Prints: I am 100 years old.
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}
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### 返回声明
|
||
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```kotlin
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// Return type is declared outside the parentheses
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fun getArea(length: Int, width: Int): Int {
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var area = length * width
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// return statement
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return area
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}
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fun main() {
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var myArea = getArea(10, 8)
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println("The area is $myArea.")
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// Prints: The area is 80.
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}
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```
|
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
|
||
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||
### 单表达式函数
|
||
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
fun fullName(firstName: String, lastName: String) = "$firstName $lastName"
|
||
|
||
fun main() {
|
||
println(fullName("Ariana", "Ortega"))
|
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// Prints: Ariana Ortega
|
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println(fullName("Kai", "Gittens"))
|
||
// Prints: Kai Gittens
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}
|
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```
|
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
|
||
|
||
### 函数字面量
|
||
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
fun main() {
|
||
// Anonymous Function:
|
||
var getProduct = fun(num1: Int, num2: Int): Int {
|
||
return num1 * num2
|
||
}
|
||
println(getProduct(8, 3))
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// Prints: 24
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||
// Lambda Expression
|
||
var getDifference = { num1: Int, num2: Int -> num1 - num2 }
|
||
println(getDifference(10, 3))
|
||
// Prints: 7
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
|
||
|
||
类
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
### 类示例
|
||
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
// 具有包含默认值的属性的类
|
||
class Student {
|
||
var name = "Lucia"
|
||
var semester = "Fall"
|
||
var gpa = 3.95
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 没有类体的简写语法
|
||
class Student
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 类实例
|
||
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
// Class
|
||
class Student {
|
||
var name = "Lucia"
|
||
var semester = "Fall"
|
||
var gpa = 3.95
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fun main() {
|
||
var student = Student()
|
||
// Instance
|
||
println(student.name)
|
||
// Prints: Lucia
|
||
println(student.semester)
|
||
// Prints: Fall
|
||
println(student.gpa)
|
||
// Prints: 3.95
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 主构造函数
|
||
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int)
|
||
|
||
fun main() {
|
||
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
|
||
println(student.name)
|
||
// Prints: Lucia
|
||
println(student.gpa)
|
||
// Prints: 3.95
|
||
println(student.semester)
|
||
// Prints: Fall
|
||
println(student.estimatedGraduationYear)
|
||
// Prints: 2022
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
|
||
|
||
### 初始化块
|
||
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int) {
|
||
init {
|
||
println("$name has ${estimatedGraduationYear - 2020} years left in college.")
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fun main() {
|
||
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
|
||
// Prints: Lucia has 2 years left in college.
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
|
||
|
||
### 成员函数
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
|
||
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
class Student(val name: String, val gpa: Double, val semester: String, val estimatedGraduationYear: Int) {
|
||
|
||
init {
|
||
println("$name has ${estimatedGraduationYear - 2020} years left in college.")
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 成员函数
|
||
fun calculateLetterGrade(): String {
|
||
return when {
|
||
gpa >= 3.0 -> "A"
|
||
gpa >= 2.7 -> "B"
|
||
gpa >= 1.7 -> "C"
|
||
gpa >= 1.0 -> "D"
|
||
else -> "E"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 创建实例并调用函数时，将执行 when 表达式并返回字母等级
|
||
fun main() {
|
||
var student = Student("Lucia", 3.95, "Fall", 2022)
|
||
// Prints: Lucia has 2 years left in college.
|
||
println("${student.name}'s letter grade is ${student.calculateLetterGrade()}.")
|
||
// Prints: Lucia's letter grade is A.
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
|
||
|
||
另见
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
- [Kotlin 语言官方文档](https://kotlinlang.org/) _(kotlinlang.org)_
|