666 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
666 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
Elasticsearch 备忘清单
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===
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这是 [Elasticsearch](https://www.elastic.co/guide/index.html) 的官方文档。 你可以在这里找到 elasticsearch 的所有文档。
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Elasticsearch是一个基于Lucene库的搜索引擎。它提供了一个分布式、支持多租户的全文搜索引擎，具有HTTP Web接口和无模式JSON文档。Elasticsearch是用Java开发的，并作为看源软件发布。官方客户端在Java、.NET（C#）、PHP、Python、Apache Groovy、Ruby和许多其他语言中都是可用的。根据DB-Engines的排名显示，Elasticsearch是最受欢迎的企业搜索引擎，其次是Apache Solr，也是基于Lucene。
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入门
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----
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<!--rehype:body-class=cols-2-->
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### 入门
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#### 安装介绍
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##### 下载
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- 注意
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version 需替换为指定版本
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官方包有的功能只能试用，完整功能需要付费，请仔细阅读官网文档。
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- windows
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下载地址:
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[https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-\${VERSION}-windows-x86_64.zip](https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-windows-x86_64.zip)
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- linux
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```shell
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wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
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wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz.sha512
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shasum -a 512 -c elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz.sha512
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tar -xzf elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
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cd elasticsearch-${VERSION}/
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```
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- macos
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```shell
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curl -O https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz
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curl https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz.sha512 | shasum -a 512 -c -
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tar -xzf elasticsearch-${VERSION}-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz
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cd elasticsearch-${VERSION}/
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```
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#### 启动
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- 启动 Elasticsearch
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```shell
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$ ./bin/elasticsearch
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```
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- 设置密码
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```shell
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export ELASTIC_PASSWORD="your_password"
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```
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- 测试是否启动成功
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```shell
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curl --cacert $ES_HOME/config/certs/http_ca.crt -u elastic:$ELASTIC_PASSWORD https://localhost:9200
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```
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成功则返回样例如下:
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```json
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{
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"name" : "Cp8oag6",
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"cluster_name" : "elasticsearch",
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"cluster_uuid" : "AT69_T_DTp-1qgIJlatQqA",
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"version" : {
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"number" : "${VERSION}",
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"build_type" : "tar",
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"build_hash" : "f27399d",
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"build_flavor" : "default",
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"build_date" : "2016-03-30T09:51:41.449Z",
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"build_snapshot" : false,
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"lucene_version" : "9.10.0",
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"minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "1.2.3",
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"minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "1.2.3"
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},
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"tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
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}
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```
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### elasticsearch 和 RDMS 的对比
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| RDMS | elasticsearch |
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| ----------------------- | ----------------- |
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| 数据库(database) | 索引(index) |
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| 表(table) | 类型(type) |
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| 行(row) | 文档(document) |
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| 列(column) | 字段(field) |
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| 表结构 | 映射 |
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| 索引 | 全文索引 |
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| SQL | 查询DSL |
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| SELECT * FROM tablename | GET http://... |
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| UPDATE table SET | PUT http://... |
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| DELETE | DELETE http://... |
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操作
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----
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说明:
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1. 以 user_info 为索引名称，类比数据库，
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2. 字段有 id,username,password,nickname,age,info,remark 为例进行演示。
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# DSL语法
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## 基础语法规则
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`curl -X<VERB> '<PROTOCOL>://<HOST>:<PORT>/<PATH>?<QUERY_STRING>' -d '<BODY>'`
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- VERB HTTP 方法：GET, POST, PUT, HEAD, DELETE
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- PROTOCOL：http 或者 https 协议（只有在 Elasticsearch 前面有 https 代理的时候可用）
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- HOST：Elasticsearch 集群中的任何一个节点的主机名，如果是在本地的节点，那么就叫 localhost
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- PORT：Elasticsearch HTTP 服务所在的端口，默认为 9200
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- PATH API 路径（例如_count 将返回集群中文档的数量），PATH：可以包含多个组件，例如_cluster/stats 或者_nodes/stats/jvm
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- QUERY_STRING：一些可选的查询请求参数，例如?pretty 参数将使请求返回更加美观易读的 JSON 数据
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- BODY：一个 JSON 格式的请求主体（如果请求需要的话）
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# 索引的操作
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## 创建索引
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- 统一请求 api 前缀
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http://localhost:9200/
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- DSL语法
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```shell
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PUT /user_info
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{
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"settings": {
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"number_of_replicas": 1,
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"number_of_shards": 1
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},
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"mappings": {
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"properties": {
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"id": {
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"type": "long",
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"index": true
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},
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"username": {
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"type": "keyword",
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"index": true
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},
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"nickname": {
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"type": "keyword",
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"index": true
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},
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"password": {
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"type": "keyword",
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"index": false
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},
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"age": {
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"type": "integer",
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"index": true
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},
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"info": {
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"type": "text",
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"index": true
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},
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"remark": {
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"type": "text",
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"index": true
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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curl -XPUT "http://localhost:9200/user_info" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "settings": { "number_of_replicas": 1, "number_of_shards": 1 }, "mappings": { "properties": { "id": { "type": "long", "index": true }, "username": { "type": "keyword", "index": true }, "nickname": { "type": "keyword", "index": true }, "password": { "type": "keyword", "index": false }, "age": { "type": "integer", "index": true }, "info": { "type": "text", "index": true }, "remark": { "type": "text", "index": true } } } }'
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```
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- 参数说明：
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settings：索引信息设置
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number_of_shards：每个索引的主分片数，这个配置在索引创建后不能修改
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number_of_replicas：每个主分片的副本数，这个配置可以随时修改。
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mappings：索引映射定义
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properties：字段定义 properties里是json配置，key为字段名称（自定义名称），value是个嵌套json，type是指定字段的类型。
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-- 其他参数很多，请参考官网资料
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## 删除索引
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- DSL语法
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```http
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DELETE /user_info
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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curl -XDELETE "http://localhost:9200/user_info"
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```
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## 判断索引是否存在
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- DSL语法
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```http
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# 查看索引是否存在
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HEAD /user_info
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 查看索引是否存在
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curl -XHEAD "http://localhost:9200/user_info"
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```
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## 开启/关闭索引
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- 开启DSL语法
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```http
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# 开启索引
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POST /user_info/_open
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 开启索引
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curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_open"
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```
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- 关闭DSL语法
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```http
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# 关闭索引
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POST /user_info/_close
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 关闭索引
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curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_close"
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```
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## 索引的别名
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- 添加别名DSL语法
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```http
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# 添加别名
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POST /user_info/_alias/user1
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```
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- 添加别名curl
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```shell
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# 添加别名
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curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_alias/user1"
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```
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- 删除别名DSL语法
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```http
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# 删除别名
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DELETE /user_info/_alias/user1
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```
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- 删除别名curl
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```shell
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# 删除别名
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curl -XDELETE "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_alias/user1"
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```
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- 查看别名DSL语法
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```http
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# 查看别名
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GET /_alias/user1
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```
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- 查看别名curl
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```shell
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# 查看别名
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/_alias/useraa"
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```
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## mapping 操作
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类似修改数据库中列的操作
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### 查看 mapping
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- DSL语法
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```http
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# 查看mapping
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GET /user_info/_mapping
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 查看mapping
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_mapping"
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```
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### 新增 mapping
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- 注意
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**需要注意的是字段映射只能增加，不能更改删除**
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- DSL语法
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```http
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# 新增mapping
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PUT /user_info/_mapping
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{
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"properties":{
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"sex":{
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"type":"keyword"
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}
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}
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 新增mapping
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curl -XPUT "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_mapping" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "properties":{ "sex":{ "type":"keyword" } } }'
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```
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# 文档的操作
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## 添加文档
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- DSL语法
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```http
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# 新增一条数据
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POST /user_info/_doc/1
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{
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"id":1,
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"username":"username",
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"password":"123456",
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"nickname":"nickname",
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"age":18,
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"info":"一些个人相关的介绍",
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"remark":"备注信息",
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"sex":"男"
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 新增一条数据
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curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_doc/1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "id":1, "username":"username", "password":"123456", "nickname":"nickname", "age":18, "info":"一些个人相关的介绍", "remark":"备注信息", "sex":"男" }'
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```
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## 查询指定索引的所有文档
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- 类似数据库中的 `select * from user_info;`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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GET /user_info/_search
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{
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"query": {
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"match_all": {}
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}
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "match_all": {} } }'
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```
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## 通过 id 查询文档
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- 类似数据库中的 `select * from user_info where id = 1;`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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# 通过id查询
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GET /user_info/_doc/1
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 通过id查询
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_doc/1"
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```
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## 通过条件查询文档
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### 精确查找
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- 类似数据库中的 `select * from user_info where username = 'username';`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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# 通过条件查询
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GET /user_info/_search
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{
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"query": {
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"bool": {
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"must": [
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{ "term": { "username": "username" } }
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]
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}
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}
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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# 通过条件查询
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "bool": { "must": [ { "term": { "username": "username" } } ] } } }'
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```
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### 模糊查找
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- 类似数据库中的模糊查询 `select * from user_info where info like '%人%';`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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# 模糊查找
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GET /user_info/_search
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{
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"query": {
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"match": {
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"info": "人"
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}
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}
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}
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```
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### 范围查找
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- 类似数据库中的范围查询 `select * from user_info where age between 18 and 30;`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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GET /user_info/_search
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{
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"query": {
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"range": {
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"age": {
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"gt": 18,
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"lt": 30
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "range": { "age": { "gt": 18, "lt": 30 } } } }'
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```
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### limit 查找
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- 类似数据库中的 limit 查询 `select * from user_info limit 10;`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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GET /user_info/_search
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{
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"size": 10,
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"query": {
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"match_all": {}
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}
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "size": 1, "query": { "match_all": {} } }'
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```
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### limit offset 查找
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- 类似数据库中的 limit 查询 `select * from user_info limit 0,10;`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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GET /user_info/_search
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{
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"size": 2,
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"from": 1,
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"query": {
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"match_all": {}
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}
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}
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```
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- curl
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```shell
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curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "size": 2, "from": 1, "query": { "match_all": {} } }'
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```
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- 参数说明
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- "size": 10表示我们想要返回的结果数量是10条。
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- "from": 20表示我们想要从结果集中的第21条记录开始返回（因为偏移是从0开始的）。
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- "query": `{"match_all": {}}` 是一个匹配所有文档的查询，因为我们没有特定的查询条件，只是想要分页结果。
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### and 查询
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- 类似数据库中的 and 查询 `select * from user_info where age > 18 and sex = '男';`
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- DSL语法
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```http
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GET /user_info/_search
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{
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||
"query": {
|
||
"bool": {
|
||
"must": [
|
||
{ "range": { "age": { "gt": 18 } } },
|
||
{ "term": { "sex": "男" } }
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- curl
|
||
|
||
```shell
|
||
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "bool": { "must": [ { "range": { "age": { "gt": 17 } } }, { "term": { "sex": "男" } } ] } } }'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### or 查询
|
||
|
||
- 类似数据库中的 or 查询 `select * from user_info where age > 18 or sex = '男';`
|
||
|
||
- DSL语法
|
||
|
||
```http
|
||
GET /user_info/_search
|
||
{
|
||
"query": {
|
||
"bool": {
|
||
"should": [
|
||
{
|
||
"range": {
|
||
"age": {
|
||
"gt": 18
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"term": {
|
||
"sex": "男"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- curl
|
||
|
||
```shell
|
||
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "bool": { "should": [ { "range": { "age": { "gt": 18 } } }, { "term": { "sex": "男" } } ] } } }'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
## 删除文档
|
||
|
||
### 删除指定 id
|
||
|
||
- 类似数据库中的 delete 查询 `delete from user_info where id = 3;`
|
||
|
||
- DSL语法
|
||
|
||
```http
|
||
# 删除文档
|
||
DELETE /user_info/_doc/3
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- curl
|
||
|
||
```shell
|
||
# 删除文档
|
||
curl -XDELETE "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_doc/3"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 删除指定条件
|
||
|
||
- 类似数据库中的 delete 查询 `delete from user_info where age > 18;`
|
||
|
||
- DSL语法
|
||
|
||
```http
|
||
POST /user_info/_delete_by_query
|
||
{
|
||
"query": {
|
||
"range": {
|
||
"age": {
|
||
"gt": 18
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
- curl
|
||
|
||
```shell
|
||
curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_delete_by_query" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{"query":{"range":{"age":{"gt":18}}}}'
|
||
```
|