reference/docs/java.md

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Java 备忘清单
===
该备忘单是针对 Java 初学者的速成课程,有助于复习 Java 语言的基本语法。
入门
--------
### Hello.java
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
```java
public class Hello {
// 主要方法
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// 输出: Hello, world!
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
}
}
```
编译和运行
```shell
$ javac Hello.java
$ java Hello
Hello, world!
```
### 变量 Variables
```java
int num = 5;
float floatNum = 5.99f;
char letter = 'D';
boolean bool = true;
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String site = "jaywcjlove.github.io";
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```
### 原始数据类型
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
| 数据类型 | 大小 | 默认 | 范围 |
|-----------|--------|---------|---------------------|
| `byte` | 1 byte | 0 | -128 ^to^ 127 |
| `short` | 2 byte | 0 | -2^15^ ^to^ 2^15^-1 |
| `int` | 4 byte | 0 | -2^31^ ^to^ 2^31^-1 |
| `long` | 8 byte | 0 | -2^63^ ^to^ 2^63^-1 |
| `float` | 4 byte | 0.0f | _N/A_ |
| `double` | 8 byte | 0.0d | _N/A_ |
| `char` | 2 byte | \\u0000 | 0 ^to^ 65535 |
| `boolean` | _N/A_ | false | true / false |
<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
### 字符串 Strings
```java
String first = "John";
String last = "Doe";
String name = first + " " + last;
System.out.println(name);
```
查看: [Strings](#java-字符串)
### 循环 Loops
```java
String word = "QuickRef";
for (char c: word.toCharArray()) {
System.out.print(c + "-");
}
// 输出: Q-u-i-c-k-R-e-f-
```
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查看: [Loops](#java-循环)
### 数组 Arrays
```java
char[] chars = new char[10];
chars[0] = 'a'
chars[1] = 'b'
String[] letters = {"A", "B", "C"};
int[] mylist = {100, 200};
boolean[] answers = {true, false};
```
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查看: [Arrays](#java-数组)
### 交换变量 Swap
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```java
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // 1 2
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // 2 1
```
### 类型转换 Type Casting
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```java
// Widening
// byte<short<int<long<float<double
int i = 10;
long l = i; // 10
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// Narrowing
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double d = 10.02;
long l = (long)d; // 10
String.valueOf(10); // "10"
Integer.parseInt("10"); // 10
Double.parseDouble("10"); // 10.0
```
### 条件语句 Conditionals
```java
int j = 10;
if (j == 10) {
System.out.println("I get printed");
} else if (j > 10) {
System.out.println("I don't");
} else {
System.out.println("I also don't");
}
```
查看: [Conditionals](#条件语句 Conditionals)
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### 用户输入
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```java
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
String str = in.nextLine();
System.out.println(str);
int num = in.nextInt();
System.out.println(num);
```
Java 字符串
-------
### 基本的
```java
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String str1 = "value";
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String str2 = new String("value");
String str3 = String.valueOf(123);
```
### 字符串连接
```java
String s = 3 + "str" + 3; // 3str3
String s = 3 + 3 + "str"; // 6str
String s = "3" + 3 + "str"; // 33str
String s = "3" + "3" + "23"; // 3323
String s = "" + 3 + 3 + "23"; // 3323
String s = 3 + 3 + 23; // 29
```
### 字符串生成器
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
```java
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(10);
```
---
```java
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| | | | | | | | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
```
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---
```java
sb.append("Reference");
```
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---
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```java
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| R | e | f | e | r | e | n | c | e |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
```
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---
```java
sb.delete(3, 9);
```
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---
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```java
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| R | e | f | | | | | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
```
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---
```java
sb.insert(0, "My ");
```
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---
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```java
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| M | y | | R | e | f | | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
```
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---
```java
sb.append("!");
```
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---
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```java
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| M | y | | R | e | f | ! | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
```
### 比较
```java
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String s1 = new String("QuickRef");
String s2 = new String("QuickRef");
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s1 == s2 // false
s1.equals(s2) // true
"AB".equalsIgnoreCase("ab") // true
```
### 操纵
```java
String str = "Abcd";
str.toUpperCase(); // ABCD
str.toLowerCase(); // abcd
str.concat("#"); // Abcd#
str.replace("b", "-"); // A-cd
" abc ".trim(); // abc
"ab".toCharArray(); // {'a', 'b'}
```
### 信息
```java
String str = "abcd";
str.charAt(2); // c
str.indexOf("a") // 0
str.indexOf("z") // -1
str.length(); // 4
str.toString(); // abcd
str.substring(2); // cd
str.substring(2,3); // c
str.contains("c"); // true
str.endsWith("d"); // true
str.startsWith("a"); // true
str.isEmpty(); // false
```
### 不可变
```java
String str = "hello";
str.concat("world");
// 输出: hello
System.out.println(str);
```
---
```java
String str = "hello";
String concat = str.concat("world");
// 输出: helloworld
System.out.println(concat);
```
一旦创建就不能修改任何修改都会创建一个新的String
Java 数组
-------
### 声明 Declare
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```java
int[] a1;
int[] a2 = {1, 2, 3};
int[] a3 = new int[]{1, 2, 3};
int[] a4 = new int[3];
a4[0] = 1;
a4[2] = 2;
a4[3] = 3;
```
### 修改 Modify
```java
int[] a = {1, 2, 3};
System.out.println(a[0]); // 1
a[0] = 9;
System.out.println(a[0]); // 9
System.out.println(a.length); // 3
```
### 循环 (读 & 写)
```java
int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};
for (int i=0; i < arr.length; i++) {
arr[i] = arr[i] * 2;
System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
}
// 输出: 2 4 6
```
### Loop (Read)
```java
String[] arr = {"a", "b", "c"};
for (int a: arr) {
System.out.print(a + " ");
}
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// 输出: a b c
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```
### 二维数组 Multidimensional Arrays
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```java
int[][] matrix = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5} };
int x = matrix[1][0]; // 4
// [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]
Arrays.deepToString(matrix)
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
for(int j = 0; j < a[i].length; ++j) {
System.out.println(a[i][j]);
}
}
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// 输出: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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```
### 排序 Sort
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```java
char[] chars = {'b', 'a', 'c'};
Arrays.sort(chars);
// [a, b, c]
Arrays.toString(chars);
```
Java 条件语句
-----------
### 运算符
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
- `+` _(加法运算符(也用于字符串连接))_
- `-` _(减法运算符)_
- `*` _(乘法运算符)_
- `/` _(分区运算符)_
- `%` _(余数运算符)_
- `=` _(简单赋值运算符)_
- `++` _(增量运算符;将值增加 1)_
- `--` _(递减运算符;将值减 1)_
- `!` _(逻辑补码运算符;反转布尔值)_
<!--rehype:className=style-round-->
---
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- `==` _(等于)_
- `!=` _(不等于)_
- `>` _(比...更棒)_
- `>=` _(大于或等于)_
- `<` _(少于)_
- `<=` _(小于或等于)_
<!--rehype:className=cols-2 style-round-->
---
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- `&&` _条件与_
- `||` _条件或_
- [?:](#三元运算符) _三元(if-then-else 语句的简写)_
<!--rehype:className=style-round-->
---
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- `instanceof` _(将对象与指定类型进行比较)_
<!--rehype:className=style-round-->
---
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- `~` _(一元按位补码)_
- `<<` _(签名左移)_
- `>>` _(有符号右移)_
- `>>>` _(无符号右移)_
- `&` _(按位与)_
- `^` _(按位异或)_
- `|` _(按位包含 OR)_
<!--rehype:className=cols-2 style-round-->
### If else
```java
int k = 15;
if (k > 20) {
System.out.println(1);
} else if (k > 10) {
System.out.println(2);
} else {
System.out.println(3);
}
```
### Switch
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
```java
int month = 3;
String str;
switch (month) {
case 1:
str = "January";
break;
case 2:
str = "February";
break;
case 3:
str = "March";
break;
default:
str = "Some other month";
break;
}
// 输出: Result March
System.out.println("Result " + str);
```
### 三元运算符
```java
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
// 输出: 20
System.out.println(max);
```
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### 逻辑运算符
```java
// 与运算
if (condition1 && condition2) {
// 如果 condition1 和 condition2 都成立
// 则执行此处的代码
}
// 或运算
if (condition1 || condition2) {
// 如果condition1或condition2任意一个成立
// 则执行此处的代码
}
// 非运算
if (!condition) {
// 如果条件不成立,则执行此处的代码
}
```
### 比较运算
```java
// 等于
if (a == b) {
// 如果a等于b则执行此处的代码
}
// 不等于
if (a != b) {
// 如果a不等于b则执行此处的代码
}
// 大于、大于等于、小于、小于等于
if (a > b) {}
if (a >= b) {}
if (a < b) {}
if (a <= b) {}
```
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Java 循环
----
### For 循环
```java
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.print(i);
}
// 输出: 0123456789
```
---
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```java
for (int i = 0,j = 0; i < 3; i++,j--) {
System.out.print(j + "|" + i + " ");
}
// 输出: 0|0 -1|1 -2|2
```
### 增强的 For 循环
```java
int[] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5};
for (int number: numbers) {
System.out.print(number);
}
// 输出: 12345
```
用于循环数组或列表
### While 循环
```java
int count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
System.out.print(count);
count++;
}
// 输出: 01234
```
### Do While 循环
```java
int count = 0;
do {
System.out.print(count);
count++;
} while (count < 5);
// 输出: 01234
```
### 继续声明
```java
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i == 3) {
continue;
}
System.out.print(i);
}
// 输出: 01245
```
### 中断语句
```java
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.print(i);
if (i == 3) {
break;
}
}
// 输出: 0123
```
Java 多线程
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---
### 创建线程
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2 col-span-2-->
```java
// 实现Runnable接口
public class RunnableThread implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
// todo something
}
}
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```
实现Callable接口,T 替换成实际类型
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```java
public class CallableTask implements Callable<T> {
@Override
public T call() throws Exception {
// todo something
return null;
}
}
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```
继承Thrad类
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```java
public class ExtendsThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
// todo something
}
}
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```
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运行线程
```java
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
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new Thread(new RunnableThread()).start();
new ExtendsThread2().start();
FutureTask<Integer> integerFutureTask = new FutureTask<>(new CallableTask());
integerFutureTask.run();
}
```
### 线程池
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- corePoolSize: 核心线程数
- maximumPoolSize: 最大线程数
- keepAliveTime: 线程空闲时间
- timeUni: 线程空闲时间单位
- workQueue: 线程等待队列
- threadFactory: 线程创建工厂
- handler: 拒绝策略
```java
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ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor
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= new ThreadPoolExecutor(
2, 5,
5, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(10),
new DefaultThreadFactory("pollName"),
new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy()
);
// 内置的线程池, 不推荐生产使用
Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
```
### synchronized
```java
// 代码块
synchronized(obj) {
...
}
// (静态)方法
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public synchronized
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(static) void methodName() {
...
}
```
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### 线程编排
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2 col-span-2-->
```java
// CountDownLatch
CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(2);
new Thread(() -> {
try {
...
}finally {
countDownLatch.countDown();
}
}).start();
countDownLatch.await();
```
CompletableFuture
```java
CompletableFuture<Void> task1 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {});
CompletableFuture<Void> task2 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {});
CompletableFuture<Void> task3 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {});
CompletableFuture.allOf(task1, task2, task3).get();
```
Semaphore
```java
Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(5);
try {
semaphore.acquire();
} finally {
semaphore.release();
}
```
### ThreadLocal
```java
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ThreadLocal<Integer> threadLocal
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= new ThreadLocal<>();
```
使用完之后一定要记得 `remove`, 否则会内存泄露
```java
threadLocal.set(1);
threadLocal.get();
threadLocal.remove();
```
### 线程等待与唤醒
```java
// 需要synchronized修饰的代码块才能使用
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wait();
notify();
notifyAll();
// 使用lock的条件唤醒
ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Condition condition= lock.newCondition();
lock.lock();
try{
// 当前线程唤醒或等待
condition.await();
condition.signal();
condition.signalAll();
} finally {
lock.unlock
}
// LockSupport,可以先unpark,后续park不会阻塞线程
LockSupport.park(obj);
LockSupport.unpark(thread);
```
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Java 框架搜集
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---
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### Java 集合
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2 row-span-2-->
集合 | Interface | 有序 | 已排序 | 线程安全 | 复制 | Nullable
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:-|:-|:-|:-|:-|:-|:-
[ArrayList](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/ArrayList.html) | List | Y | _N_ | _N_ | Y | Y
[Vector](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Vector.html) | List | Y | _N_ | Y | Y | Y
[LinkedList](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/LinkedList.html) | List, Deque | Y | _N_ | _N_ | Y | Y
[CopyOnWriteArrayList](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/CopyOnWriteArrayList.html) | List | Y | _N_ | Y | Y | Y
[HashSet](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/HashSet.html) | Set | _N_ | _N_ | _N_ | _N_ | One `null`
[LinkedHashSet](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/LinkedHashSet.html) | Set | Y | _N_ | _N_ | _N_ | One `null`
[TreeSet](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/TreeSet.html) | Set | Y | Y | _N_ | _N_ | _N_
[CopyOnWriteArraySet](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/CopyOnWriteArraySet.html) | Set | Y | _N_ | Y | _N_ | One `null`
[ConcurrentSkipListSet](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentSkipListSet.html) | Set | Y | Y | Y | _N_ | _N_
[HashMap](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/HashMap.html) | Map | _N_ | _N_ | _N_ | _N (key)_ | One `null` _(key)_
[HashTable](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Hashtable.html) | Map | _N_ | _N_ | Y | _N (key)_ | _N (key)_
[LinkedHashMap](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/LinkedHashMap.html) | Map | Y | _N_ | _N_ | _N (key)_ | One `null` _(key)_
[TreeMap](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/TreeMap.html) | Map | Y | Y | _N_ | _N (key)_ | _N (key)_
[ConcurrentHashMap](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentHashMap.html) | Map | _N_ | _N_ | Y | _N (key)_ | _N_
[ConcurrentSkipListMap](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentSkipListMap.html) | Map | Y | Y | Y | _N (key)_ | _N_
[ArrayDeque](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/ArrayDeque.html) | Deque | Y | _N_ | _N_ | Y | _N_
[PriorityQueue](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/PriorityQueue.html) | Queue | Y | _N_ | _N_ | Y | _N_
[ConcurrentLinkedQueue](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue.html) | Queue | Y | _N_ | Y | Y | _N_
[ConcurrentLinkedDeque](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedDeque.html) | Deque | Y | _N_ | Y | Y | _N_
[ArrayBlockingQueue](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/ArrayBlockingQueue.html) | Queue | Y | _N_ | Y | Y | _N_
[LinkedBlockingDeque](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingDeque.html) | Deque | Y | _N_ | Y | Y | _N_
[PriorityBlockingQueue](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/PriorityBlockingQueue.html) | Queue | Y | _N_ | Y | Y | _N_
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
### ArrayList
```java
List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>();
// 添加
nums.add(2);
nums.add(5);
nums.add(8);
// 检索
System.out.println(nums.get(0));
// 为循环迭代编制索引
for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(nums.get(i));
}
nums.remove(nums.size() - 1);
nums.remove(0); // 非常慢
for (Integer value : nums) {
System.out.println(value);
}
// lambda 打印元素
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nums.forEach(
e -> System.out.println(e.toString())
);
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```
### HashMap
```java
Map<Integer, String> m = new HashMap<>();
m.put(5, "Five");
m.put(8, "Eight");
m.put(6, "Six");
m.put(4, "Four");
m.put(2, "Two");
// 检索
System.out.println(m.get(6));
// Lambda forEach
m.forEach((key, value) -> {
String msg = key + ": " + value;
System.out.println(msg);
});
```
### ConcurrentHashMap
```java
ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, String> m
= new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
m.put(100, "Hello");
m.put(101, "Geeks");
m.put(102, "Geeks");
// 移除
m.remove(101, "Geeks");
// 如果不存在,就添加,存在就不变更
m.putIfAbsent(103, "Hello");
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// 替换
m.replace(101, "Hello", "For");
System.out.println(m);
```
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### HashSet
```java
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
if (set.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Empty!");
}
set.add("dog");
set.add("cat");
set.add("mouse");
set.add("snake");
set.add("bear");
if (set.contains("cat")) {
System.out.println("Contains cat");
}
set.remove("cat");
for (String element : set) {
System.out.println(element);
}
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set.forEach(
e -> System.out.println(e.toString())
);
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```
### ArrayDeque
```java
Deque<String> a = new ArrayDeque<>();
// 使用 add()
a.add("Dog");
// 使用 addFirst()
a.addFirst("Cat");
// 使用 addLast()
a.addLast("Horse");
// [Cat, Dog, Horse]
System.out.println(a);
// 访问元素
System.out.println(a.peek());
// 移除元素
System.out.println(a.pop());
```
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Java I/O流
---
### 常见的类和操作
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-5-->
字节流
- `InputStream` 字节输入流的抽象基类
- `FileInputStream` 从文件中读取字节的输入流
- `ByteArrayInputStream` 从字节数组中读取字节的输入流
- `OutputStream` 字节输出流的抽象基类
- `FileOutputStream` 向文件中写入字节的输出流
- `ByteArrayOutputStream` 将字节写入到字节数组的输出流
字符流
- `Reader` 字符输入流的抽象基类
- `FileReader` 从文件中读取字符的输入流
- `BufferedReader` 带缓冲区的字符输入流
- `InputStreamReader` 字节流到字符流的桥接器
- `Writer` 字符输出流的抽象基类
- `FileWriter` 向文件中写入字符的输出流
- `BufferedWriter` 带缓冲区的字符输出流
- `OutputStreamWriter` 字符流到字节流的桥接器
对象流
- `ObjectInputStream` 从输入流中读取Java对象的流
- `ObjectOutputStream` 将Java对象写入输出流的流
缓冲流
- `BufferedInputStream` 带缓冲区的字节输入流
- `BufferedOutputStream` 带缓冲区的字节输出流
- `BufferedReader` 带缓冲区的字符输入流
- `BufferedWriter` 带缓冲区的字符输出流
数据流
- `DataInputStream` 从输入流中读取基本数据类型的数据
- `DataOutputStream` 将基本数据类型数据写入输出流
文件类
- `File` 文件和目录路径名的抽象表示
- `FileReader` 从文件中读取字符的输入流
- `FileWriter` 向文件中写入字符的输出流
输入输出异常处理
- `IOException` Java I/O操作中的通用异常
- `FileNotFoundException` 当试图打开指定文件失败时抛出
- `EOFException` 在尝试读取流的末尾时抛出
其他流
- `PrintStream` 打印格式化表示的对象的输出流
- `PrintWriter` 格式化的文本输出流
- `RandomAccessFile` 随机访问文件的类,支持读取和写入操作
### 字节流
```java
// 文件输入流
InputStream inputStream
= new FileInputStream("input.txt");
// 文件输出流
OutputStream outputStream
= new FileOutputStream("output.txt");
// 缓冲字节输入流
InputStream bufferedInputStream
= new BufferedInputStream(inputStream);
// 缓冲字节输出流
OutputStream bufferedOutputStream
= new BufferedOutputStream(outputStream);
```
### 字符流
```java
// 文件字符输入流
Reader fileReader
= new FileReader("input.txt");
// 文件字符输出流
Writer fileWriter
= new FileWriter("output.txt");
// 缓冲字符输入流
Reader bufferedFileReader
= new BufferedReader(
new FileReader("input.txt")
);
// 缓冲字符输出流
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Writer bufferedFileWriter
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= new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter("output.txt")
);
```
### 数据流
```java
// 数据输入流
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DataInputStream dataInputStream
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= new DataInputStream(inputStream);
// 数据输出流
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DataOutputStream dataOutputStream
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= new DataOutputStream(outputStream);
```
### 对象流
```java
// 对象输入流
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ObjectInputStream objectInputStream
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= new ObjectInputStream(inputStream);
// 对象输出流
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ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream
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= new ObjectOutputStream(outputStream);
```
### 序列化与反序列化
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
序列化对象到文件
```java
try (
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ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream
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= new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("object.dat"))
) {
objectOutputStream.writeObject(object);
}
```
从文件反序列化对象
```java
try (
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ObjectInputStream objectInputStream
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= new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("object.dat"))
) {
Object object = objectInputStream.readObject();
}
```
### 标准输入输出流
标准输入流
```java
InputStream standardInputStream
= System.in;
```
标准输出流
```java
PrintStream standardOutputStream
= System.out;
```
### 基本操作
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
```java
// 读取字节数据
int byteData = inputStream.read();
// 写入字节数据
outputStream.write(byteData);
// 读取字符数据
int charData = reader.read();
// 写入字符数据
writer.write(charData);
```
### 关闭流
```java
// 关闭输入流
inputStream.close();
// 关闭输出流
outputStream.close();
```
Java Stream 流
---
<!--rehype:body-class=cols-2-->
### 创建流
从集合创建流
```java
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c");
Stream<String> streamFromList = list.stream();
```
从数组创建流
```java
String[] array = {"d", "e", "f"};
Stream<String> streamFromArray = Arrays.stream(array);
```
创建空流
```java
Stream<String> emptyStream = Stream.empty();
```
创建无限流
```java
Stream<Integer> infiniteStream = Stream.iterate(0, n -> n + 2);
```
### 中间操作
```java
// 过滤
Stream<String> filteredStream = list.stream().filter(
s -> s.startsWith("a")
);
// 映射
Stream<Integer> mappedStream = list.stream().map(String::length);
// 排序
Stream<String> sortedStream = list.stream().sorted();
// 去重
Stream<String> distinctStream = list.stream().distinct();
// 截断
Stream<String> limitedStream = list.stream().limit(2);
// 跳过
Stream<String> skippedStream = list.stream().skip(1);
```
### 终端操作
```java
// 聚合操作
Optional<String> anyElement = list.stream().findAny();
Optional<String> firstElement = list.stream().findFirst();
long count = list.stream().count();
Optional<String> maxElement = list.stream()
.max(Comparator.naturalOrder());
Optional<String> minElement = list.stream()
.min(Comparator.naturalOrder());
// 检查匹配
boolean anyMatch = list.stream().anyMatch(s -> s.contains("a"));
boolean allMatch = list.stream().allMatch(s -> s.length() == 1);
boolean noneMatch = list.stream().noneMatch(s -> s.contains("z"));
// 归约
Optional<String> reducedString = list.stream()
.reduce((s1, s2) -> s1 + s2);
String reducedStringWithIdentity = list.stream()
.reduce("Start:", (s1, s2) -> s1 + s2);
// 收集
List<String> collectedList = list.stream()
.collect(Collectors.toList());
Set<String> collectedSet = list.stream()
.collect(Collectors.toSet());
Map<Integer, String> collectedMap = list.stream()
.collect(
Collectors.toMap(String::length, Function.identity())
);
```
### 并行流
```java
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c", "d", "e");
List<String> upperCaseList = list.parallelStream()
.map(String::toUpperCase)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
```
反射
---
这些是使用 Java 反射时常见的操作。使用反射需要注意性能和安全性问题,尽量避免在性能要求高的地方过度使用。
### 获取 Class 对象
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
```java
// 通过类名获取Class对象
Class<?> clazz1 = MyClass.class;
// 通过对象获取Class对象
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
Class<?> clazz2 = obj.getClass();
// 通过完整类名字符串获取Class对象
Class<?> clazz3 = Class.forName("com.example.MyClass");
```
### 获取类的信息
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
获取类的名称
```java
String className = clazz.getName();
```
获取类的修饰符
```java
int modifiers = clazz.getModifiers();
```
获取类的包信息
```java
Package pkg = clazz.getPackage();
```
获取类的父类
```java
Class<?> superClass = clazz.getSuperclass();
```
获取类实现的接口
```java
Class<?>[] interfaces = clazz.getInterfaces();
```
### 创建对象实例
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
```java
// 使用默认构造函数创建对象
MyClass instance = (MyClass) clazz.newInstance();
// 使用带参数的构造函数创建对象
Constructor<?> constructor = clazz.getConstructor(String.class, int.class);
MyClass instanceWithArgs = (MyClass) constructor.newInstance("example", 123);
```
### 获取和设置字段值
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
```java
// 获取字段值
Field field = clazz.getDeclaredField("fieldName");
field.setAccessible(true); // 如果字段是私有的,需要设置可访问
Object value = field.get(instance);
// 设置字段值
field.set(instance, newValue);
```
### 处理泛型
```java
// 获取泛型信息
Type genericType = field.getGenericType();
```
### 调用方法
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
```java
// 获取方法
Method method = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("methodName", parameterTypes);
method.setAccessible(true); // 如果方法是私有的,需要设置可访问
// 调用方法
Object result = method.invoke(instance, args);
```
### 其他常用操作
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
```java
// 判断是否是数组、枚举、注解等
boolean isArray = clazz.isArray();
boolean isEnum = clazz.isEnum();
boolean isAnnotation = clazz.isAnnotation();
// 获取构造函数、字段、方法等
Constructor<?>[] constructors = clazz.getConstructors();
Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
Method[] methods = clazz.getDeclaredMethods();
```
### 处理注解
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
```java
// 获取注解信息
Annotation annotation = field.getAnnotation(MyAnnotation.class);
```
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方法引用
---
### 方法引用
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
Java 的 `Consumer` 接口里的 `accept` 方法接受参数但不返回值。要让它打印传入的参数,可以这样做:
```java
Consumer<String> test = new Consumer<String>() {
@Override
public void accept(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
}
};
test.accept("test");
```
更简单的我们可以直接传入Lambda表达式
```java
Consumer<String> test = System.out::println;
```
方法引用通过方法的名字指向一个方法,使语言构造更简洁,减少冗余代码。
#### 使用方式
- 引用方法
- 引用构造方法
- 引用数组
### 静态方法引用
```java
Comparator<Integer> comparator = Math::max;
int result = comparator.compare(1, 2);
// 返回 2
```
### 实例方法引用
```java
String str = "HELLO";
String lowerCase = str::toLowerCase;
// 返回 "hello"
```
### 构造方法引用
```java
Supplier<String> supplier = String::new;
String str = supplier.get();
// 返回一个空字符串
```
### 数组构造方法引用
```java
Function<Integer, String[]> function = String[]::new;
String[] array = function.apply(5);
// 返回 5 个空字符串的数组
```
<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
### 对象中的方法引用
```java
String someStr = "HELLO";
String lowerCase = someStr::toLowerCase;
// 返回 "hello"
```
### 对象中的静态方法引用
```java
SomeClass someObject = new SomeClass();
int result = someObject::staticMethod;
// 调用静态方法
```
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杂项 Misc
----
### 访问修饰符
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
| 修饰符 | Class | Package | Subclass | World |
|-------------|-------|---------|----------|-------|
| public | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| protected | Y | Y | Y | _N_ |
| no modifier | Y | Y | _N_ | _N_ |
| private | Y | _N_ | _N_ | _N_ |
<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
### 常用表达
```java
String text = "I am learning Java";
// 删除所有空格
text.replaceAll("\\s+", "");
// 拆分字符串
text.split("\\|");
text.split(Pattern.quote("|"));
```
查看: [Regex in java](./regex.md#java-中的正则表达式)
### 注释 Comment
```java
// 我是单行注释!
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/*
而我是一个
多行注释!
*/
/**
* 这个
*
* 文档
* 注释
*/
```
### 关键字
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
- abstract
- continue
- for
- new
- switch
- assert
- default
- goto
- package
- synchronized
- boolean
- do
- if
- private
- this
- break
- double
- implements
- protected
- throw
- byte
- else
- import
- public
- throws
- case
- enum
- instanceof
- return
- transient
- catch
- extends
- int
- short
- try
- char
- final
- interface
- static
- void
- class
- finally
- long
- strictfp
- volatile
- const
- float
- native
- super
- while
<!--rehype:className=cols-7 style-none-->
### 数学方法
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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方法 | 说明
:-|:-
`Math.max(a,b)` | `a``b` 的最大值
`Math.min(a,b)` | `a``b` 的最小值
`Math.abs(a)` | 绝对值
`Math.sqrt(a)` | `a` 的平方根
`Math.pow(a,b)` | `b` 的幂
`Math.round(a)` | 最接近的整数
`Math.sin(ang)` | 正弦
`Math.cos(ang)` | `ang` 的余弦
`Math.tan(ang)` | `ang` 的切线
`Math.asin(ang)` | `ang` 的反正弦
`Math.log(a)` | `a` 的自然对数
`Math.toDegrees(rad)` | 以度为单位的角度弧度
`Math.toRadians(deg)` | 以弧度为单位的角度度
### 异常 Try/Catch/Finally
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```java
try {
// something
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
System.out.println("always printed");
}
```
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### util工具类
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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- `ArrayDeque`: 可调整大小的数组双端队列实现了Deque接口
- `Arrays`: 提供静态工厂,允许将数组视为列表
- `Collections`: 包含操作集合或返回集合的静态方法
- `Date`: 表示特定时间瞬间,精度为毫秒
- `Dictionary`: 抽象父类可用于键值对映射例如Hashtable
- `EnumMap`: 专门用于枚举键的Map实现
- `EnumSet`: 专门用于枚举键的Set实现
- `Formatter`: 提供对布局、对齐、数字、字符串和日期/时间数据的格式化支持,以及特定于语言环境的输出
- `SecureRandom`: 生成安全的伪随机数流的实例
- `UUID`: 表示不可变的通用唯一标识符
- `Vector`: 实现了可增长的对象数组
- `LocalDate`: 表示无时区的日期仅包含年月日不可变且线程安全适用于Java 8及更高版本
- `LocalTime`: 表示无时区的时间仅包含时分秒不可变且线程安全适用于Java 8及更高版本
- `LocalDateTime`: 表示无时区的日期时间包含年月日时分秒不可变且线程安全适用于Java 8及更高版本
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### Collections 工具类
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```java
// 计算出现频率
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(1);
list.add(2);
list.add(2);
list.add(3);
list.add(3);
list.add(3);
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int frequency = Collections
.frequency(list, 2); // frequency = 2
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```
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另见
---
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- [Java 官网](https://www.oracle.com/cn/java/) _(oracle.com/cn/java)_