doc: update docs/cs.md (#586)
* 新增了c#中的类(所有内容都是经过书籍,资料证实的) * 新增了c#中的类部分模块,元组模块,集合模块
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docs/cs.md
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docs/cs.md
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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C# 备忘清单
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===
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@ -561,6 +563,11 @@ public class MyClass
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{
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// 使用传入的值初始化
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}
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// 析构函数
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~MyClass() {
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// Destructor body.
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}
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}
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```
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@ -677,6 +684,27 @@ internal | 内部,只能在同一程序集中访问
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protected internal | 受保护的内部,可以在同一程序集中的任何地方访问,以及派生类中
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private protected | 私有保护,只能在同一程序集中的派生类中访问
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### 字段的特殊修饰符
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| :-- | :-- |
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| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| readonly | 表示这个字段只能在执行构造函数的过程中赋值,或由初始化赋值语句赋值 |
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| static | 静态字段,必须通过类名来访问,例如:Class.staticField |
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| const | 常量字段,但同时也是静态字段,自带static |
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### 方法的特殊修饰符
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| :-- | :-- |
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| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| static | 静态方法,只能通过类名来调用方法 |
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| virtual | 方法可以被重写 |
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| abstract | 抽象方法,只用于抽象类 |
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| override | 方法重写了基类的一个方法(如果方法被重写,就必须使用该关键字)。 |
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| extern | 方法定义放在其他地方,可以在项目外部提供方法的实际实现代码 |
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| sealed | 如果使用了 `override` ,也可以使用 `sealed` 来指定在派生类中不能再对这个方法进行进一步的修改,即这个方法不能被派生类重写 |
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### 公共类
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```cs
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@ -735,7 +763,14 @@ internal class MyCalss
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```cs
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public abstract class MyClass
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{
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...
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//普通公共字段
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public string id;
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//抽象字段
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public abstract string Name { get; }
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//常量字段
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public const string Description = "const string";
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//静态字段
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public static string Order = "static string";
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}
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```
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@ -748,6 +783,236 @@ public sealed class MyClass
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}
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```
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## 元组
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### 基本使用
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```
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// 不带名称的基本元组创建
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(int, string, bool) tuple1 = (1, "Hello", true);
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Console.WriteLine($"Item1: {tuple1.Item1}, Item2: {tuple1.Item2}, Item3: {tuple1.Item3}");
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// 带名称的元组创建(C# 7.0及以上版本)
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(string FirstName, string LastName, int Age) person = ("Alice", "Smith", 30);
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Console.WriteLine($"First Name: {person.FirstName}, Last Name: {person.LastName}, Age: {person.Age}");
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```
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### 方法调用与接收
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```
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public (int Id, string Name, double Score) GetStudentInfo()
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{
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return (123, "John Doe", 95.5);
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}
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// 使用
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(var id, var name, var score) = GetStudentInfo();
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Console.WriteLine($"Id: {id}, Name: {name}, Score: {score}");
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```
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### 类中使用元组
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```
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public class Student
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{
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public int Id { get; set; }
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public string Name { get; set; }
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public double GPA { get; set; }
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public void Deconstruct(out int id, out string name, out double gpa)
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{
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id = this.Id;
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name = this.Name;
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gpa = this.GPA;
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}
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}
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// 使用Deconstruct方法创建元组
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Student student = new Student { Id = 1, Name = "Jane", GPA = 3.8 };
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(int id, string name, double gpa) = student;
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Console.WriteLine($"Student Id: {id}, Name: {name}, GPA: {gpa}");
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```
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## 集合
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### c#集合
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| 集合 | 有序 | 已排序 | 线程安全 | 允许空值 |
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| :----------------------------------------------------------- | :--- | :----- | :------- | :------- |
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| [List](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.list-1) | Y | *N* | *N* | 是 |
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| [ArrayList](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.arraylist) (非泛型) | Y | *N* | *N* | 是 |
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| [Vector](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.vector) (非泛型) | N | *N* | Y | 是 |
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| [LinkedList](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.linkedlist-1) | Y | *N* | *N* | 是 |
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| [ConcurrentBag](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.concurrent.concurrentbag-1) | *N* | *N* | Y | 是 |
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| [HashSet](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.hashset-1) | *N* | *N* | *N* | 是 |
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| [SortedSet](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.sortedset-1) | Y | Y | *N* | 是 |
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| [ConcurrentDictionary](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.concurrent.concurrentdictionary-2) | Y | *N* | Y | 是 |
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| [Dictionary](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.dictionary-2) | *N* | *N* | *N* | 是 |
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| [SortedDictionary](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.sorteddictionary-2) | Y | Y | *N* | 是 |
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| [Stack](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.stack-1) | *N* | *N* | *N* | 是 |
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| [Queue](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.queue-1) | *N* | *N* | *N* | 是 |
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| [ConcurrentQueue](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.concurrent.concurrentqueue-1) | *N* | *N* | Y | 是 |
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| [ConcurrentStack](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.collections.concurrent.concurrentstack-1) | *N* | *N* | Y | 是 |
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| [HashTable](https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/api/system.collections.hashtable?view=net-6.0) | N | Y | Y | 否 |
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### List
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```c#
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// 创建一个整数类型的List
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List<int> numbers = new List<int>();
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// 增加(Add)
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numbers.Add(10);
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numbers.Add(20);
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//增加30,40两个元素
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numbers.AddRange(new[] { 30, 40 });
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// 删除(Remove)
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if (numbers.Contains(20))
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{
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numbers.Remove(20);
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}
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// 修改(更改特定索引处的元素)
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numbers[0] = 50; // 直接替换元素
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// 查询(Find/Contains)
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bool isPresent = numbers.Contains(50);
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// 查找索引
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int index = numbers.IndexOf(40);
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if (index != -1)
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{
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numbers[index] = 45; // 修改找到的元素
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}
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```
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### HashSet
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```c#
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// 创建一个字符串类型的HashSet
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HashSet<string> words = new HashSet<string> { "apple", "banana" };
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// 增加(Add)
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words.Add("cherry");
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bool wasAdded = words.Add("apple"); // 返回false,因为"apple"已存在
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// 删除(Remove)
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words.Remove("banana");
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// 修改(HashSet不允许直接修改元素,需删除后重新添加)
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if (words.Contains("cherry"))
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{
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words.Remove("cherry");
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words.Add("cherries");
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}
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// 查询(Contains)
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bool containsCherries = words.Contains("cherries");
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```
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### ConcurrentBag
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```c#
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// 创建一个并发安全的整数集合
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ConcurrentBag<int> concurrentNumbers = new ConcurrentBag<int>();
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// 增加(Add)
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concurrentNumbers.Add(1);
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concurrentNumbers.Add(2);
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// 删除(由于ConcurrentBag没有直接的Remove方法,只能通过迭代并尝试移除)
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foreach (var number in concurrentNumbers.ToArray())
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{
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concurrentNumbers.TryTake(out _number); // 并发安全地移除一个元素
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}
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// 修改(无法直接修改,同样需先移除再添加,但由于并发特性,不能保证一定能修改目标元素)
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// 在并发环境下尤其复杂,此处省略示例
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// 查询(Contains)
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bool hasOne = concurrentNumbers.Contains(1);
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```
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### Dictionary
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```c#
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// 创建一个键值对字典
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Dictionary<string, int> scores = new Dictionary<string, int>
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{
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{ "Alice", 85 },
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{ "Bob", 90 }
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};
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// 增加(Add)
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scores.Add("Charlie", 88);
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// 删除(Remove)
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scores.Remove("Bob");
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// 修改(Update)
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if (scores.ContainsKey("Alice"))
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{
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scores["Alice"] = 90; // 直接替换值
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}
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// 查询(ContainsKey / GetValueOrDefault)
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bool aliceExists = scores.ContainsKey("Alice");
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int charlieScore = scores.GetValueOrDefault("Charlie", 0);
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```
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### Stack
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```c#
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// 创建一个整数栈
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Stack<int> stack = new Stack<int>();
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stack.Push(1);
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stack.Push(2);
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// 增加(Push)
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stack.Push(3);
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// 删除(Pop)
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int topNumber = stack.Pop(); // 删除并返回栈顶元素
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// 修改(Stack不支持直接修改元素,需先Pop再Push)
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int poppedValue = stack.Pop();
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stack.Push(poppedValue * 2); // 替换刚弹出的值
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// 查询(Peek / Contains)
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int peekedValue = stack.Peek(); // 查看但不移除栈顶元素
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bool hasTwo = stack.Contains(2);
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```
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### Hashtable
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```c#
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// 创建一个哈希表
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Hashtable hashTable = new Hashtable();
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hashTable.Add("key1", "value1");
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hashTable.Add("key2", "value2");
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// 增加(Add)
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hashTable.Add("key3", "value3");
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// 删除(Remove)
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hashTable.Remove("key1");
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// 修改(Replace)
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object oldValue;
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if (hashTable.ContainsKey("key2"))
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{
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oldValue = hashTable["key2"];
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hashTable["key2"] = "new_value2";
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}
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// 查询(Contains / GetValue)
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bool hasKey2 = hashTable.ContainsKey("key2");
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string valueOfKey2 = (string)hashTable["key2"];
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```
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杂项
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-----------
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@ -761,3 +1026,4 @@ public sealed class MyClass
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`Managed code` | 托管代码 | 在 `.NET` 运行时编译和运行的代码。 C#/F#/VB 就是例子
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`Unmanaged code` | 非托管代码 | 直接编译为机器代码且不能由 .NET 运行时直接托管的代码。<br/>不包含空闲内存管理、垃圾收集等。从 C/C++ 创建的 DLL 就是示例
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
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