feat: add elasticsearch reference (#623)

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[Oracle](./docs/oracle.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(255 0 0);&class=tag&data-lang=SQL-->
[PostgreSQL](./docs/postgres.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(43 109 163);&class=tag&data-lang=SQL-->
[Redis](./docs/redis.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(198 47 44);-->
[Elasticsearch](./docs/elasticsearch.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(36 187 177);-->
<!--rehype:class=home-card-->
## 快捷键

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Elasticsearch 备忘清单
===
这是 [Elasticsearch](https://www.elastic.co/guide/index.html) 的官方文档。 你可以在这里找到 elasticsearch 的所有文档。
Elasticsearch是一个基于Lucene库的搜索引擎。它提供了一个分布式、支持多租户的全文搜索引擎具有HTTP Web接口和无模式JSON文档。Elasticsearch是用Java开发的并作为看源软件发布。官方客户端在Java、.NETC#、PHP、Python、Apache Groovy、Ruby和许多其他语言中都是可用的。根据DB-Engines的排名显示Elasticsearch是最受欢迎的企业搜索引擎其次是Apache Solr也是基于Lucene。
入门
----
<!--rehype:body-class=cols-2-->
### 入门
#### 安装介绍
##### 下载
- 注意
version 需替换为指定版本
官方包有的功能只能试用,完整功能需要付费,请仔细阅读官网文档。
- windows
下载地址:
[https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-\${VERSION}-windows-x86_64.zip](https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-windows-x86_64.zip)
- linux
```shell
wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz.sha512
shasum -a 512 -c elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz.sha512
tar -xzf elasticsearch-${VERSION}-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
cd elasticsearch-${VERSION}/
```
- macos
```shell
curl -O https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz
curl https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-${VERSION}-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz.sha512 | shasum -a 512 -c -
tar -xzf elasticsearch-${VERSION}-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz
cd elasticsearch-${VERSION}/
```
#### 启动
- 启动 Elasticsearch
```shell
$ ./bin/elasticsearch
```
- 设置密码
```shell
export ELASTIC_PASSWORD="your_password"
```
- 测试是否启动成功
```shell
curl --cacert $ES_HOME/config/certs/http_ca.crt -u elastic:$ELASTIC_PASSWORD https://localhost:9200
```
成功则返回样例如下:
```json
{
"name" : "Cp8oag6",
"cluster_name" : "elasticsearch",
"cluster_uuid" : "AT69_T_DTp-1qgIJlatQqA",
"version" : {
"number" : "${VERSION}",
"build_type" : "tar",
"build_hash" : "f27399d",
"build_flavor" : "default",
"build_date" : "2016-03-30T09:51:41.449Z",
"build_snapshot" : false,
"lucene_version" : "9.10.0",
"minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "1.2.3",
"minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "1.2.3"
},
"tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}
```
### elasticsearch 和 RDMS 的对比
| RDMS | elasticsearch |
| ----------------------- | ----------------- |
| 数据库(database) | 索引(index) |
| 表(table) | 类型(type) |
| 行(row) | 文档(document) |
| 列(column) | 字段(field) |
| 表结构 | 映射 |
| 索引 | 全文索引 |
| SQL | 查询DSL |
| SELECT * FROM tablename | GET http://... |
| UPDATE table SET | PUT http://... |
| DELETE | DELETE http://... |
操作
----
说明:
1. 以 user_info 为索引名称,类比数据库,
2. 字段有 id,username,password,nickname,age,info,remark 为例进行演示。
# DSL语法
## 基础语法规则
`curl -X<VERB> '<PROTOCOL>://<HOST>:<PORT>/<PATH>?<QUERY_STRING>' -d '<BODY>'`
- VERB HTTP 方法GET, POST, PUT, HEAD, DELETE
- PROTOCOLhttp 或者 https 协议(只有在 Elasticsearch 前面有 https 代理的时候可用)
- HOSTElasticsearch 集群中的任何一个节点的主机名,如果是在本地的节点,那么就叫 localhost
- PORTElasticsearch HTTP 服务所在的端口,默认为 9200
- PATH API 路径例如_count 将返回集群中文档的数量PATH可以包含多个组件例如_cluster/stats 或者_nodes/stats/jvm
- QUERY_STRING一些可选的查询请求参数例如?pretty 参数将使请求返回更加美观易读的 JSON 数据
- BODY一个 JSON 格式的请求主体(如果请求需要的话)
# 索引的操作
## 创建索引
- 统一请求 api 前缀
http://localhost:9200/
- DSL语法
```shell
PUT /user_info
{
"settings": {
"number_of_replicas": 1,
"number_of_shards": 1
},
"mappings": {
"properties": {
"id": {
"type": "long",
"index": true
},
"username": {
"type": "keyword",
"index": true
},
"nickname": {
"type": "keyword",
"index": true
},
"password": {
"type": "keyword",
"index": false
},
"age": {
"type": "integer",
"index": true
},
"info": {
"type": "text",
"index": true
},
"remark": {
"type": "text",
"index": true
}
}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XPUT "http://localhost:9200/user_info" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "settings": { "number_of_replicas": 1, "number_of_shards": 1 }, "mappings": { "properties": { "id": { "type": "long", "index": true }, "username": { "type": "keyword", "index": true }, "nickname": { "type": "keyword", "index": true }, "password": { "type": "keyword", "index": false }, "age": { "type": "integer", "index": true }, "info": { "type": "text", "index": true }, "remark": { "type": "text", "index": true } } } }'
```
- 参数说明:
settings索引信息设置
number_of_shards每个索引的主分片数这个配置在索引创建后不能修改
number_of_replicas每个主分片的副本数这个配置可以随时修改。
mappings索引映射定义
properties字段定义 properties里是json配置key为字段名称自定义名称value是个嵌套jsontype是指定字段的类型。
-- 其他参数很多,请参考官网资料
## 删除索引
- DSL语法
```http
DELETE /user_info
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XDELETE "http://localhost:9200/user_info"
```
## 判断索引是否存在
- DSL语法
```http
# 查看索引是否存在
HEAD /user_info
```
- curl
```shell
# 查看索引是否存在
curl -XHEAD "http://localhost:9200/user_info"
```
## 开启/关闭索引
- 开启DSL语法
```http
# 开启索引
POST /user_info/_open
```
- curl
```shell
# 开启索引
curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_open"
```
- 关闭DSL语法
```http
# 关闭索引
POST /user_info/_close
```
- curl
```shell
# 关闭索引
curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_close"
```
## 索引的别名
- 添加别名DSL语法
```http
# 添加别名
POST /user_info/_alias/user1
```
- 添加别名curl
```shell
# 添加别名
curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_alias/user1"
```
- 删除别名DSL语法
```http
# 删除别名
DELETE /user_info/_alias/user1
```
- 删除别名curl
```shell
# 删除别名
curl -XDELETE "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_alias/user1"
```
- 查看别名DSL语法
```http
# 查看别名
GET /_alias/user1
```
- 查看别名curl
```shell
# 查看别名
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/_alias/useraa"
```
## mapping 操作
类似修改数据库中列的操作
### 查看 mapping
- DSL语法
```http
# 查看mapping
GET /user_info/_mapping
```
- curl
```shell
# 查看mapping
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_mapping"
```
### 新增 mapping
- 注意
**需要注意的是字段映射只能增加,不能更改删除**
- DSL语法
```http
# 新增mapping
PUT /user_info/_mapping
{
"properties":{
"sex":{
"type":"keyword"
}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
# 新增mapping
curl -XPUT "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_mapping" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "properties":{ "sex":{ "type":"keyword" } } }'
```
# 文档的操作
## 添加文档
- DSL语法
```http
# 新增一条数据
POST /user_info/_doc/1
{
"id":1,
"username":"username",
"password":"123456",
"nickname":"nickname",
"age":18,
"info":"一些个人相关的介绍",
"remark":"备注信息",
"sex":"男"
}
```
- curl
```shell
# 新增一条数据
curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_doc/1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "id":1, "username":"username", "password":"123456", "nickname":"nickname", "age":18, "info":"一些个人相关的介绍", "remark":"备注信息", "sex":"男" }'
```
## 查询指定索引的所有文档
- 类似数据库中的 `select * from user_info;`
- DSL语法
```http
GET /user_info/_search
{
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "match_all": {} } }'
```
## 通过 id 查询文档
- 类似数据库中的 `select * from user_info where id = 1;`
- DSL语法
```http
# 通过id查询
GET /user_info/_doc/1
```
- curl
```shell
# 通过id查询
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_doc/1"
```
## 通过条件查询文档
### 精确查找
- 类似数据库中的 `select * from user_info where username = 'username';`
- DSL语法
```http
# 通过条件查询
GET /user_info/_search
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": [
{ "term": { "username": "username" } }
]
}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
# 通过条件查询
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "bool": { "must": [ { "term": { "username": "username" } } ] } } }'
```
### 模糊查找
- 类似数据库中的模糊查询 `select * from user_info where info like '%人%';`
- DSL语法
```http
# 模糊查找
GET /user_info/_search
{
"query": {
"match": {
"info": "人"
}
}
}
```
### 范围查找
- 类似数据库中的范围查询 `select * from user_info where age between 18 and 30;`
- DSL语法
```http
GET /user_info/_search
{
"query": {
"range": {
"age": {
"gt": 18,
"lt": 30
}
}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "range": { "age": { "gt": 18, "lt": 30 } } } }'
```
### limit 查找
- 类似数据库中的 limit 查询 `select * from user_info limit 10;`
- DSL语法
```http
GET /user_info/_search
{
"size": 10,
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "size": 1, "query": { "match_all": {} } }'
```
### limit offset 查找
- 类似数据库中的 limit 查询 `select * from user_info limit 0,10;`
- DSL语法
```http
GET /user_info/_search
{
"size": 2,
"from": 1,
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "size": 2, "from": 1, "query": { "match_all": {} } }'
```
- 参数说明
- "size": 10表示我们想要返回的结果数量是10条。
- "from": 20表示我们想要从结果集中的第21条记录开始返回因为偏移是从0开始的
- "query": `{"match_all": {}}` 是一个匹配所有文档的查询,因为我们没有特定的查询条件,只是想要分页结果。
### and 查询
- 类似数据库中的 and 查询 `select * from user_info where age > 18 and sex = '男';`
- DSL语法
```http
GET /user_info/_search
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": [
{ "range": { "age": { "gt": 18 } } },
{ "term": { "sex": "男" } }
]
}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "bool": { "must": [ { "range": { "age": { "gt": 17 } } }, { "term": { "sex": "男" } } ] } } }'
```
### or 查询
- 类似数据库中的 or 查询 `select * from user_info where age > 18 or sex = '男';`
- DSL语法
```http
GET /user_info/_search
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"should": [
{
"range": {
"age": {
"gt": 18
}
}
},
{
"term": {
"sex": "男"
}
}
]
}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XGET "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "query": { "bool": { "should": [ { "range": { "age": { "gt": 18 } } }, { "term": { "sex": "男" } } ] } } }'
```
## 删除文档
### 删除指定 id
- 类似数据库中的 delete 查询 `delete from user_info where id = 3;`
- DSL语法
```http
# 删除文档
DELETE /user_info/_doc/3
```
- curl
```shell
# 删除文档
curl -XDELETE "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_doc/3"
```
### 删除指定条件
- 类似数据库中的 delete 查询 `delete from user_info where age > 18;`
- DSL语法
```http
POST /user_info/_delete_by_query
{
"query": {
"range": {
"age": {
"gt": 18
}
}
}
}
```
- curl
```shell
curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9200/user_info/_delete_by_query" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{"query":{"range":{"age":{"gt":18}}}}'
```