feat: add PostgreSQL cheatsheet. (#26)
This commit is contained in:
jaywcjlove
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ Quick Reference
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[MySQL](./docs/mysql.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(103 61 156/var(\-\-bg\-opacity));&class=tag&data-lang=SQL-->
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[MATLAB](./docs/matlab.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(0 118 168/var(\-\-bg\-opacity));&class=contributing-->
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[Python](./docs/python.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(240 81 57/var(\-\-bg\-opacity));-->
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[PostgreSQL](./docs/postgres.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(43 109 163/var(\-\-bg\-opacity));-->
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[Rust](./docs/rust.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(71 71 71/var(\-\-bg\-opacity));-->
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[Swift](./docs/swift.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(240 81 57/var(\-\-bg\-opacity));-->
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[SwiftUI](./docs/swiftui.md)<!--rehype:style=background: rgb(10 127 247/var(\-\-bg\-opacity));&class=tag&data-lang=swift-->
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638
docs/postgres.md
Normal file
638
docs/postgres.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
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PostgreSQL 备忘清单
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===
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[PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/) 备忘清单为您提供了常用的 PostgreSQL 命令和语句。
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入门
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---------------
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### 入门
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切换和连接
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```shell
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$ sudo -u postgres psql
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```
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列出所有数据库
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```shell
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postgres=# \l
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```
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连接到名为 postgres 的数据库
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```shell
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postgres=# \c postgres
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```
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断开
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```shell
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postgres=# \q
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postgres=# \!
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```
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### psql 命令
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
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参数 | 示例 | 说明
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:- |- | -
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`[-d] <database>` | psql -d mydb | 连接到数据库
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`-U` | psql -U john mydb | 以特定用户身份连接
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`-h` `-p` | psql -h localhost -p 5432 mydb | 连接到主机/端口
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`-U` `-h` `-p` `-d` | psql -U admin -h 192.168.1.5 -p 2506 -d mydb | 连接远程 PostgreSQL
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`-W` | psql -W mydb | 强制密码
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`-c` | psql -c '\c postgres' -c '\dt' | 执行 SQL 查询或命令
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`-H` | psql -c "\l+" -H postgres > database.html | 生成 HTML 报告
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`-l` | psql -l | 列出所有数据库
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`-f` | psql mydb -f file.sql | 从文件执行命令
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`-V` | psql -V | 打印 psql 版本
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<!--rehype:className=show-header-->
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### 获得帮助
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:- | -
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:- | -
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`\h` | SQL 命令语法帮助
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`\h` DELETE | DELETE SQL 语句语法
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`\?` | PostgreSQL 命令列表
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在 PostgreSQL 控制台中运行
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PostgreSQL 工作
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-------
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### Recon 观察
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显示版本
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```sql
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SHOW SERVER_VERSION;
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```
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显示系统状态
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```sql
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\conninfo
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```
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显示环境变量
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```sql
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SHOW ALL;
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```
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列出用户
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```sql
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SELECT rolname FROM pg_roles;
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```
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显示当前用户
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```sql
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SELECT current_user;
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```
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显示当前用户的权限
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```sql
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\du
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```
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显示当前数据库
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```sql
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SELECT current_database();
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```
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显示数据库中的所有表
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|
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```sql
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\dt
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```
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列出函数
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```sql
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\df <schema>
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```
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### Databases 数据库
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列出数据库
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```sql
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\l
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```
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连接到数据库
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```sql
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\c <database_name>
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```
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显示当前数据库
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```sql
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SELECT current_database();
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```
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[创建数据库](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createdatabase.html)
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```sql
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CREATE DATABASE <database_name> WITH OWNER <username>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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[删除数据库](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-dropdatabase.html)
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```sql
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DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS <database_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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[重命名数据库](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-alterdatabase.html)
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```sql
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ALTER DATABASE <old_name> RENAME TO <new_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### Tables 表
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列出当前数据库中的表
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```sql
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\dt
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SELECT table_schema,table_name FROM information_schema.tables ORDER BY table_schema,table_name;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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全局列表
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```sql
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\dt *.*.
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SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables
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```
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列表表架构
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```sql
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\d <table_name>
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\d+ <table_name>
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SELECT column_name, data_type, character_maximum_length
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FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
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WHERE table_name = '<table_name>';
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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[创建表](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html)
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE <table_name>(
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<column_name> <column_type>,
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<column_name> <column_type>
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);
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```
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创建表，主键自增
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE <table_name> (
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<column_name> SERIAL PRIMARY KEY
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);
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```
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[删除表](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-droptable.html)
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```sql
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DROP TABLE IF EXISTS <table_name> CASCADE;
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```
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### Permissions 权限
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成为 postgres 用户，如果您有权限错误
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```shell
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sudo su - postgres
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psql
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```
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[授予](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-grant.html) 对数据库的所有权限
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```sql
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GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE <db_name> TO <user_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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授予数据库连接权限
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```sql
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GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE <db_name> TO <user_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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授予架构权限
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```sql
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GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;
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```
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授予函数权限
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```sql
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GRANT EXECUTE ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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授予在所有表上选择、更新、插入、删除的权限
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```sql
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GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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在表上授予权限
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```sql
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GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT ON <table_name> TO <user_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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授予对表的选择权限
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```sql
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GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO <user_name>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### Columns 列
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[添加栏目](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-altertable.html)
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE <table_name> IF EXISTS
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ADD <column_name> <data_type> [<constraints>];
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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更新栏
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE <table_name> IF EXISTS
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ALTER <column_name> TYPE <data_type> [<constraints>];
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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删除列
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE <table_name> IF EXISTS
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DROP <column_name>;
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```
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将列更新为自增主键
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE <table_name>
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ADD COLUMN <column_name> SERIAL PRIMARY KEY;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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使用自动递增的主键插入表中
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```sql
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INSERT INTO <table_name>
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VALUES (DEFAULT, <value1>);
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INSERT INTO <table_name> (<column1_name>,<column2_name>)
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VALUES ( <value1>,<value2> );
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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### Data 数据
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[选择](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-select.html) 所有数据
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM <table_name>;
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```
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读取一行数据
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM <table_name> LIMIT 1;
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```
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搜索数据
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM <table_name> WHERE <column_name> = <value>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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[插入](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-insert.html) 数据
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```sql
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INSERT INTO <table_name> VALUES( <value_1>, <value_2> );
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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[更新](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-update.html) 数据
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```sql
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UPDATE <table_name>
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SET <column_1> = <value_1>, <column_2> = <value_2>
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||||
WHERE <column_1> = <value>;
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text-->
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[删除](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-delete.html) 所有数据
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||||
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```sql
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DELETE FROM <table_name>;
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```
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|
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删除特定数据
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
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DELETE FROM <table_name>
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WHERE <column_name> = <value>;
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```
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### Users 用户
|
||||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
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|
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列出角色
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|
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```sql
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SELECT rolname FROM pg_roles;
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```
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[创建用户](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createuser.html)
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
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CREATE USER <user_name> WITH PASSWORD '<password>';
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```
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|
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[删除用户](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-dropuser.html)
|
||||
|
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```sql
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DROP USER IF EXISTS <user_name>;
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```
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|
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[更改](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-alterrole.html) 用户密码
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|
||||
```sql
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ALTER ROLE <user_name> WITH PASSWORD '<password>';
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```
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### Schema
|
||||
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列出 Schemas
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```sql
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\dn
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SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata;
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||||
SELECT nspname FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace;
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||||
```
|
||||
|
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[创建架构](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createschema.html)
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
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CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS <schema_name>;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[删除模式](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-dropschema.html)
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
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||||
DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS <schema_name> CASCADE;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
PostgreSQL 命令
|
||||
-----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 表
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\d <table>` | 描述表
|
||||
`\d+ <table>` | 详细描述表格
|
||||
`\dt` | 列出当前模式中的表
|
||||
`\dt *.*` | 列出所有模式中的表
|
||||
`\dt <schema>.*` | 列出架构的表
|
||||
`\dp` | 列出表访问权限
|
||||
`\det[+]` | 列出外部表
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 查询缓冲区
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\e [FILE]` | 编辑查询缓冲区(或文件)
|
||||
`\ef [FUNC]` | 编辑函数定义
|
||||
`\p` | 显示内容
|
||||
`\r` | 重置(清除)查询缓冲区
|
||||
`\s [FILE]` | 显示历史记录或保存到文件
|
||||
`\w FILE` | 将查询缓冲区写入文件
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 信息
|
||||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-4-->
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\l[+]` | 列出所有数据库
|
||||
`\dn[S+]` | 列出架构
|
||||
`\di[S+]` | 列出索引
|
||||
`\du[+]` | 列出角色
|
||||
`\ds[S+]` | 列出序列
|
||||
`\df[antw][S+]` | 列出函数
|
||||
`\deu[+]` | 列出用户映射
|
||||
`\dv[S+]` | 列表视图
|
||||
`\dl` | 列出大对象
|
||||
`\dT[S+]` | 列出数据类型
|
||||
`\da[S]` | 列出聚合
|
||||
`\db[+]` | 列出表空间
|
||||
`\dc[S+]` | 列出转化
|
||||
`\dC[+]` | 列出演员表
|
||||
`\ddp` | 列出默认权限
|
||||
`\dd[S]` | 显示对象描述
|
||||
`\dD[S+]` | 列出域
|
||||
`\des[+]` | 列出国外服务器
|
||||
`\dew[+]` | 列出外部数据包装器
|
||||
`\dF[+]` | 列出文本搜索配置
|
||||
`\dFd[+]` | 列出文本搜索词典
|
||||
`\dFp[+]` | 列出文本搜索解析器
|
||||
`\dFt[+]` | 列出文本搜索模板
|
||||
`\dL[S+]` | 列出程序语言
|
||||
`\do[S]` | 列出运算符
|
||||
`\dO[S+]` | 列出排序规则
|
||||
`\drds` | 列出每个数据库的角色设置
|
||||
`\dx[+]` | 列出扩展
|
||||
|
||||
`S`：显示系统对象，`+`：附加细节
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 连接
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\c [DBNAME]` | 连接到新数据库
|
||||
`\encoding [ENCODING]` | 显示或设置客户端编码
|
||||
`\password [USER]` | 更改密码
|
||||
`\conninfo` | 显示信息
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 格式化
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\a` | 在未对齐和对齐之间切换
|
||||
`\C [STRING]` | 设置表格标题，如果没有则取消设置
|
||||
`\f [STRING]` | 显示或设置未对齐的字段分隔符
|
||||
`\H` | 切换 HTML 输出模式
|
||||
`\t [on\|off]` | 仅显示行
|
||||
`\T [STRING]` | 设置或取消设置 HTML \<table\> 标签属性
|
||||
`\x [on\|off]` | 切换扩展输出
|
||||
|
||||
### 输入输出
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\copy ...` | 导入/导出表 _另见：_ [复制](#导入导出-csv)
|
||||
`\echo [STRING]` | 打印字符串
|
||||
`\i FILE` | 执行文件
|
||||
`\o [FILE]` | 将所有结果导出到文件
|
||||
`\qecho [STRING]` | 输出流的字符串
|
||||
|
||||
### 变量
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\prompt [TEXT] NAME` | 设置变量
|
||||
`\set [NAME [VALUE]]` | 设置变量 _(如果没有参数，则列出所有变量)_
|
||||
`\unset NAME` | 删除变量
|
||||
|
||||
### 杂项
|
||||
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
:- | -
|
||||
`\cd [DIR]` | 更改目录
|
||||
`\timing [on\|off]` | 切换时间
|
||||
`\! [COMMAND]` | 在shell中执行
|
||||
`\! ls -l` | 在shell中列出所有
|
||||
|
||||
### 大对象
|
||||
|
||||
- `\lo_export LOBOID FILE`
|
||||
- `\lo_import FILE [COMMENT]`
|
||||
- `\lo_list`
|
||||
- `\lo_unlink LOBOID`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
各种各样的
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
### 备份
|
||||
|
||||
使用 pg_dumpall 备份所有数据库
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ pg_dumpall -U postgres > all.sql
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用 pg_dump 备份数据库
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ pg_dump -d mydb -f mydb_backup.sql
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `-a` 只转储数据，而不是模式(schema)
|
||||
- `-s` 只转储模式，不转储数据
|
||||
- `-c` 在重新创建之前删除数据库
|
||||
- `-C` 还原前创建数据库
|
||||
- `-t` 仅转储命名表
|
||||
- `-F` 格式(`c`：自定义，`d`：目录，`t`：tar)
|
||||
<!--rehype:className=style-none-->
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `pg_dump -?` 获取完整的选项列表
|
||||
|
||||
### 恢复
|
||||
|
||||
使用 psql 恢复数据库
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ psql -U user mydb < mydb_backup.sql
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用 pg_restore 恢复数据库
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ pg_restore -d mydb mydb_backup.sql -c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `-U` 指定数据库用户
|
||||
- `-c` 在重新创建之前删除数据库
|
||||
- `-C` 还原前创建数据库
|
||||
- `-e` 如果遇到错误退出
|
||||
- `-F` 格式(`c`:自定义，`d`:目录，`t`:tar，`p`:纯文本sql(默认))
|
||||
<!--rehype:className=style-none-->
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `pg_restore -?` 获取完整的选项列表
|
||||
|
||||
### 远程访问
|
||||
|
||||
获取 postgresql.conf 的位置
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ psql -U postgres -c 'SHOW config_file'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
附加到 postgresql.conf
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
listen_addresses = '*'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
附加到 pg_hba.conf(与 postgresql.conf 相同的位置)
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5
|
||||
host all all ::/0 md5
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
重启 PostgreSQL 服务器
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart postgresql
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 导入/导出 CSV
|
||||
|
||||
将表格导出为 CSV 文件
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
|
||||
\copy table TO '<path>' CSV
|
||||
\copy table(col1,col1) TO '<path>' CSV
|
||||
\copy (SELECT...) TO '<path>' CSV
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
将 CSV 文件导入表格
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
|
||||
\copy table FROM '<path>' CSV
|
||||
\copy table(col1,col1) FROM '<path>' CSV
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
另见：[复制](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-copy.html)
|
||||
|
||||
Also see
|
||||
--------
|
||||
- [Posgres-cheatsheet](https://gist.github.com/apolloclark/ea5466d5929e63043dcf#posgres-cheatsheet) _(gist.github.com)_
|
||||
3
scripts/assets/postgres.svg
Normal file
3
scripts/assets/postgres.svg
Normal file
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|
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user