310 lines
7.4 KiB
Markdown
310 lines
7.4 KiB
Markdown
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Django 备忘清单
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===
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Django 是 Python 的一款 Web 框架
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入门
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----
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### 准备环境
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-1-->
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```bash
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$ python --version
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# Python 3.9.2
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$ pip --version
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# pip 20.2.3 from c:\python39\lib\site-packages\pip (python 3.9)
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text -->
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如果你没有安装 PIP，你可以从这个页面下载并安装它：https://pypi.org/project/pip/
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### 入门
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-4-->
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- 创建虚拟环境
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```bash
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$ py -m venv myproject # Windows
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$ python -m venv myproject # Unix/MacOS
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```
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- 其中包含子文件夹和文件，如下所示
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```bash
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myproject
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├┈Include
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├┈Lib
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├┈Scripts
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╰┈pyvenv.cfg
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```
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- 以下命令来激活环境
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```bash
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# Windows:
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myproject\Scripts\activate.bat
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# Unix/MacOS:
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source myproject/bin/activate
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```
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- 提示符中看到以下结果：
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```bash
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# Windows:
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(myproject) C:\Users\Your Name>
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# Unix/MacOS:
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(myproject) ... $
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```
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- 安装 Django
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```bash
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# Windows:
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(myproject) C:\Users\Name>py -m pip install Django
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# Unix/MacOS:
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(myproject) ... $ python -m pip install Django
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```
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<!--rehype:className=wrap-text -->
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<!--rehype:className=style-timeline-->
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### 创建项目
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
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```bash
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$ django-admin startproject myworld
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```
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创建了一个 `myworld` 文件夹，内容如下：
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```bash
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myworld
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├┈ manage.py
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╰┈ myworld/
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├┈ __init__.py
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├┈ asgi.py
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├┈ settings.py
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├┈ urls.py
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╰┈ wsgi.py
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```
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运行 Django 项目
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```bash
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$ py manage.py runserver # Windows
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$ python manage.py runserver # Unix/MacOS
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```
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打开一个新的浏览器窗口并在地址栏中输入 127.0.0.1:8000
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### 检查 Django 版本
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```bash
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(myproject) C:\Users\Your Name>django-admin --version
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# 4.0.3
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```
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### 创建应用
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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```bash
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$ py manage.py startapp members
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```
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项目中创建了一个名为 `members` 的文件夹，内容如下：
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```bash
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myworld
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├┈ manage.py
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├┈ myworld/
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╰┈ members/
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├┈ migrations/
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┆ ╰┈ __init__.py
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├┈ __init__.py
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├┈ admin.py
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├┈ apps.py
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├┈ models.py
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├┈ tests.py
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╰┈ views.py
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```
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首先，看一下名为 `views.py` 的文件。这是我们收集发送回正确响应所需的信息的地方。
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### 应用目录介绍
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- `Django` 接收 URL，检查 `urls.py` 文件，并调用与 URL 匹配的视图。
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- 位于 `views.py` 中的视图检查相关模型。
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- 模型是从 `models.py` 文件中导入的。
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- 然后视图将数据发送到模板文件夹中的指定模板。
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- 模板包含 `HTML` 和 `Django` 标记，并使用数据将完成的 `HTML` 内容返回给浏览器
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### 视图
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Django 视图是接受 `http` 请求并返回 `http` 响应的 `Python` 函数，就像 `HTML` 文档一样。
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使用 `Django` 的网页充满了不同任务和任务的视图。
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视图通常放在一个名为 `views.py` 的文件中，该文件位于应用程序的文件夹中。
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您的 `members` 文件夹中有一个 `views.py`，如下所示：
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```PY
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from django.shortcuts import render
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# Create your views here.
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```
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找到它并打开它，并将内容替换为：
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```PY
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from django.shortcuts import render
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from django.http import HttpResponse
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def index(request):
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return HttpResponse("Hello world!")
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```
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这是一个关于如何将响应发送回浏览器的简单示例。
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但是我们如何执行视图呢？ 好吧，我们必须通过 URL 调用视图。
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### URLs
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在与 `views.py` 文件相同的文件夹中创建一个名为 `urls.py` 的文件，并在其中输入以下代码：
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```py
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from django.urls import path
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from . import views
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urlpatterns = [
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path('', views.index, name='index'),
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]
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```
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刚刚创建的 `urls.py` 文件是特定于成员应用程序的。我们还必须在根目录 `myworld` 中进行一些路由。
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在 `myworld` 文件夹中有一个名为 `urls.py` 的文件，打开该文件并在 `import` 语句中添加 `include` 模块，并在列表中添加一个 `path()` 函数。文件将如下所示：
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```py
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from django.contrib import admin
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from django.urls import include, path
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urlpatterns = [
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path('members/', include('members.urls')),
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path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
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]
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```
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如果服务器未运行，请导航到 `/myworld` 文件夹并在命令提示符下执行此命令：
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```bash
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$ py manage.py runserver
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```
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在浏览器窗口的地址栏中输入 `127.0.0.1:8000/members/`
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### 模板
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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在 `members` 文件夹中创建一个 `templates` 文件夹，并创建一个名为 `myfirst.html` 的 `HTML` 文件。文件结构应该是这样的：
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```bash
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myworld
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├┈ manage.py
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├┈ myworld/
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╰┈ members/
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╰┈ templates/
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╰┈ myfirst.html
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```
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打开 `HTML` 文件并插入以下内容：
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<body>
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<h1>Hello World!</h1>
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<p>欢迎来到我的第一个 Django 项目！</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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修改视图 `members/views.py`
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```py
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from django.http import HttpResponse
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from django.template import loader
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def index(request):
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template = loader.get_template('myfirst.html')
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return HttpResponse(template.render())
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```
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#### 更改设置
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为了能够处理比“Hello World！”更复杂的东西，我们必须告诉 `Django` 一个新的应用程序已创建
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这是在 `myworld` 文件夹的 `myworld/settings.py` 文件中完成的。查找 `INSTALLED_APPS[]` 列表并添加成员应用程序，如下所示：
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```py
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INSTALLED_APPS = [
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'django.contrib.admin',
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'django.contrib.auth',
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'django.contrib.contenttypes',
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'django.contrib.sessions',
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'django.contrib.messages',
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'django.contrib.staticfiles',
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'members.apps.MembersConfig'
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]
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```
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然后运行这个命令：
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```bash
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$ py manage.py migrate
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```
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通过导航到 `/myworld` 文件夹启动服务器并执行以下命令：
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```bash
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$ py manage.py runserver
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```
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在浏览器窗口的地址栏中输入 127.0.0.1:8000/members/
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### 创建表（模型）
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
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在 `/members/` 文件夹中，打开 `models.py` 文件。要在我们的数据库中添加成员表，首先创建一个成员类，并描述其中的表字段：
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```py
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from django.db import models
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class Members(models.Model):
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firstname = models.CharField(max_length=255)
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lastname = models.CharField(max_length=255)
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```
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然后导航到 `/myworld/` 文件夹并运行以下命令：
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```bash
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$ py manage.py makemigrations members
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# Migrations for 'members':
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# members\migrations\0001_initial.py
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# - Create model Members
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```
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创建一个包含任何新更改的文件并将该文件存储在 `/migrations/` 文件夹中。下次运行 `py manage.py migrate` 时，Django 将根据迁移文件夹中新文件的内容创建并执行一条 SQL 语句。运行迁移命令：
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```bash
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$ py manage.py migrate
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```
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从模型创建的 SQL 语句是：
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE "members_members" (
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"id" INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
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"firstname" varchar(255) NOT NULL,
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"lastname" varchar(255) NOT NULL
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);
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```
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另见
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----
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- [Django 官网](https://www.djangoproject.com/) _(djangoproject.com)_
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- [Django 教程](https://www.runoob.com/django/django-tutorial.html) _(runoob.com)_
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- [Django 框架教程](http://c.biancheng.net/django/) _(biancheng.net)_
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- [Django 4 中文教程](https://www.w3cschool.cn/django4/) _(w3cschool.cn)_
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- [Django Tutorial](https://www.w3schools.com/django/index.php) _(w3schools.com)_
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